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APES Ch. 1 -5 ( test 1) Flashcards

Mr. Smith's APES at RHS.

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468725030What is Biotic?All living matter
468725031What is Abiotic? Examples?All non-living matter, rocks, wind, sunlight....
468725032What is Enivorment? Examples?the sum of our surroundings Human interactions Social Institutions and Business
468725033What is the difference between Enviromental Science and Enviromental studies/systems?Enivormental Science is based on facts and science v. Enivormental Studies which is based on opininions.
468725034What is Interdisciplinary?A balance of how humans impact the enviroment, and how in turn, the enviroment effects us.
468725035What are Natural Resources?Those things essential for human survival and growth
468725036What are Renewable Resources? Examples?Resources that can be replenished those things that can be replenished or are always present. Ex. Sunlight, Timber, Water
468725037What are Non Renweable Resources? Examples?Resources that either cannot be replenished or take a very long time to renew. Ex. Oil, Coal, Minerals.
468725038What is the Tragedy of the Commons?Unregulated use of resources leads to resource depletion.
468725039What are some examples of civilizations that have fallen due to enviromental decline?Easter Island, Greenland Norse, Anasazi of North America, Mayan, Modern Russia
468725040What is an Enviromental Disaster? Examples?Subjective based upon societal veiws and opinions. DDT,MSMA, Toxic Dumping
468725041What do we use Science for?To sort fact from fiction
468725042What is Science?A systematic process of checks and balances that uses a wide body of knowledge to explain the world around us.
468725043What is the Scientific Process?The scientific method is part of a larger process.
468725044What are Manipulative Experiments?Experiments performed in "lab" settings Yield the mot results, but aren't always indicative of what happens in the real world.
468725045What are Natural Experiments?Experiments performed in the field Great design for what happens in nature, but results are not always very pretty.
468725046What is a theory?a widely accepted explanation.
468725047What is a paradigm shift?when theories change in the predominant view (major shift).
468725048What is the greatest barrier to science?The assumption of Knowledge
468725049What are examples of Paradigm shifts?The agricultural revolution The industrial revolution
468725050What is the Agricultural Revoluton?Began 10,000 years ago People stop hunter-gathering and start moving to an arigcultural way of life.
468725051What came out of the Agricultural Revolution? or Examples?Crops, Domesticated animals, and villages start during this period.
468725052What is the Industrial Revolution?Began in the mid 1700's People start moving from a traditonal agricultural way of life and move to urban areas.
468725053What came out of the Industrial Revolution? or Examples?Mass production, fossil fuels, and cities are born from this era. Also get pollution, pessticides, and fertilizers.
468725054What is biggest problem and stewards to the enviroment?Humans
468725055Do we have a higher rate of population growth or resource consumption?Resource consumption
468725056Who is Thomas Malthus?British economist who wrote a paper stating that unless population growth is controlled with laws, people will outgrow food supply until starvation, war, and famine returns it to balance.
468725057Who is Paul Ehrlich?American Biologist who's 1968 book - The Population Bomb, predicted that the world's population explosion would lead to disaster by the end of the 20th century.
468725058What is an Ecological Footprint?The impact a person or population makes on the enviroment. Takes in consideration the amount of productive land it takes to support your resource addiction.
468725059Since the agricultural revolution we have seen a rise of.......pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, land erosion, and pollution.
468725060What a is a direct result of these problems?a shift in food prodution leading to fat americans. Ex. Rice, Wheat
468725061What is Pollution in?water, soil, air, pollution has taken control of our planet. very few places on our planet are pollution free.
468725062What is Biodiversity?a mass extinction period where we are losing species of critter every day ( caused by human actions).
468725063What is Extirpation? Examples?Whenever an animal is gone from one area but not the world. Ex. Buffalo, wolves, red fox, black bear.
468725064What do Cornucopians believe?that the current status of the enviroment is getting better due to human intervention. Humans can fix anything.
468725065What do Cassandras believe?that we have reached a point of no return and predict disaster.
468725066What is Sustainability? Example?having no net loss of resources and leaving the planet the way we found it. Ex. cut trees- plant trees. we must use resources in a way that doesn't compromise future availiability.
468725067What is the Triple Bottom line?Our solutoins must meet environmental, economic, and social goals at the same time.
468725068What is the most important to the government? Least Important?Economics- Most Enviromental- Least
468725069What makes the world go round?Money
468725070What is Economics?the study of how people use resources to provide goods and services. ( study of human behavior)
468725071What are goods?Resources that are produced/ manufactured and ultimately bought by consumers. ( tangible)
468725072What are services?Work done for others, usually a business. Ex. Taxi Driver
468725073What is Subsistence economy?Oldest form of economy where people produce their daily needs themselves. No trade, no batering.
468725074What is Capitalist Market economy?Buyers and sellers directly decide what goods and services are produced and everything associated with those goods and services.
468725075what is Centrally planned economics?Government decides all aspect of goods and services production. Also decide how to allocate resources. Also known as socialism.
468725076What is Mixed economies?A hybrid system of capitalist and socialist markets where the people are free to decide how to use resources under government constraints. Govt will have 5 main roles.
468725077What are the 5 main roles the Govt has in mixed economies?Eliminate unfair advantages by monoplies (anti-trust laws) Provide social services for the people. ( ex. defense, health care, education) Intervene for natural disasters, including social disasters Manage the commons Mitigate pollution
468725078Who is Adam Smith?The Father of Economic Theory
468725079Who said " when everyone works towards their own self interests, the whole society is benefited, marketplace guided by an invisible hand"?Adam Smith
468725080What is Neoclassical economics?Takes into consideration the psychological factors involved in a marketplace. Buyers want the lowest prices. Sellers want the highest prices which gives birth to Supply and Demand.
468725081What is the Cost benefit Analysis?what is used to determine should an action be pursued.
468725082What 4 main assumptions guid Cost Benefit Analysis?1. Resources as infinite and/ or sustainable 2. Cost and benefits are internal 3. Long term growth in negligible and doesn't matter 4. Growth is good
468725083What kind of economy is the US an example of?Mixed Market Economy
468725084What is Affluenza?Material goods failing to bring thier owner contentment
468725085What is Gross Domestic Product ( GDP)?Traditionally the yardstick of how an economy is doing. It represents the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced in a given year.
468725086What is Genuine Progress Indicator ( GPI)?A new indicator in which economists include a " Happiness" scale into an economies growth .
468725087What do Ecological economists believe?that in the long run, countries do not overcome their enviromental limitations. We run out of space and resources, and unltimately ruin our surroundings.
468725088What is Ecosystem services? Examples?Those functions of life that makes our economy possible. Ex. Forests, Crops, Recreation
468725089What is Contigent Valuation?A way to account for these externalities is to see how much people are willing to pay to protect resources.
468725090What are the 7 values in Contigent Valuation?1. Existence 2. Use/ Recreation 3. Option 4.Aesthetic 5.Scientific 6.Educational 7. Cultural
468725091What is Ecolabeling?Marketing Strategy where companies tell consumers about their environmentally friendly products, or processes.
468725092What is Green Taxes?Govt. imposes taxes on companies that don't meet sustainable practices.
468725093What is Corporate Culture? Examples?Companies moving towards sustainability because of public demand. Ex. IKEA, Starbucks, Patagonia, Wal-mart, Target.
468725094What two things go hand and hand?Economics and Enviroment
468779571What shapes your views and values?Culture: the knowledge, beliefs, values, and education shared by a group of individuals. Personal Experiences: what has happened to you.
468779572What shapes your decisions?Worldview: a person, or groups, beliefs about the surrounding world Values: the ideas, things, or experiences you hold to be important.
468779573What Shapes your worldview?Religion: one of many factors, largest globally Area you live in, Landscape: your environment impacts the way you live ex. North v. South US Economics: The world revovles around money Politics: Your personal ideologies.
468779574What are Vested Interests?Decisions made by someone that has personal gain/loss involved with the outcome. Ex. USDA agricultural decisions shaped by the Monsanto corporation
468779575What is Ethics?Branch of philosophy that deals with what is right and wrong, good and evil.
468779576What do Relativists believe?that ethics do and should very with social context
468779577What do Universalists believe?that notions of right and wrong hold across cultures and situations.
468779578What is Ethical Standards?what helps shape what is right and wrong.
468779579What are the 3 approaches the have shaped ethics?Value , Categorical Imperative, Utility
468779580What is Value?the personal achievement of moral excellence in character through reasoning and moderation.
468779581What is Catergorical Imperative?Basically the golden rule. Treat others as you would have yourself treated.
468779582What is Utility?Something is right when it benefits the most people.
468779583What is Environmental Ethics?the application of ethical standards to nonhuman entities.
468779584What is Anthropocentrism?A human centered view of our relationship with the enviroment. No other entities have rights. Focused on oneself.
468779585What is Biocentrism?Certian living things have rights. Actions must consider living and nonliving things.
468779586What is Ecocentrism?The whole ecological systems has rights. Values the well being of the entire system.
468779587The industrial revolution caused a lot of philosophers to....reevaluate the ethical concern of nature
468779588Who were 3 transcendentalist ?Ralph Emerson David Thoreau Walt Whitman
468779589What is the Perservation Ethic? Example?led by John Muir, a thought thar we should protect the enviroment in an untouched, unaltered state. Ex. Yellow stone national park.
468779590What is Conservation ethic? Example?Led by former forester Gifford Pinchot, supposes that we should manage our resources in a wise and responsible manner. Ex. Lake Ray Roberts
468779591What is Land Ethic?( Majority of our enviromental ethics today). Aldo Leopold stated humans should have a responsible and balanced view of nature.
468834619What is Deep Ecology?1970's movement that says that we are inseperable from nature and thus should protect our enviroment as we would protect ourselves.
468834620What is Ecofeminism?1970's movement the status that the world's view towards male dominated society is the reason for social and environmental problems.
468834621What is Enviromental Justice? Example?The fair and equitable treatment of all people with regard to enviromental decisions, policies, and treatment. Ex. Urban work/living area, native american mining.
468834622What is Ecoterrorism? Examples?An act of terrorim against individuals or companies by individuals or organizations to protest the use or abuse of resources in the enviroment. Ex. PETA, Whale Wars ( destroying property).
468834623What doubles every 30 years?Population - 6.85 billion people.
468834624What is Rule of 70?You can roughly estimate the amount of time for anything to double by dividing 70 by the growth/percentage rate. ( Be able to do on test)
468834625What are the reasons of Population explosion?1. historic need for farm labor 2. better sanitation 3. new technology 4. better agricultural production 5. Better medical car
468834626What is Demography?the study of statistical change in human population
468834627What is Population size?Total number of people
468834628What is Population Density?total number of people in a given area.
468834629What is Age Structure Pyraminds?Visual graphics to show trends in countries population. Know how to read.
468834630What is Population Growth main factors?Birth Rates: How many babies born Death Rate: How many people kicked the bucket Immigration: How many people moved into the country Emigration: How many people moved out of the country
468834631What is Total Fertility Rate?Average number of children born per female during her lifetime.
468834632What is Natural rate of population?Change due to birth rate/ death rate only. Migration excluded.
468834633What is Life Expectancy?How long a person is expected to live.
468834634What is the demographic transition? ( Be able to read)a model of economic and cultural change that seeks to explain birth/death rates as a country becomes more industrialized.
468834635What is Pre-Industrial Stage?Defines the majority of human history. High birth rate, high death rate. People have 10 kids expecting 3 or 4 to live to adulthodd. Life expectancy low.
468834636What is the Transitional Stage?Initiated by industrialization marked bya large decline in the death rate as food production and medical care increases. Birth rates remain high. Population explodes.
468834637What is Industrial Stage?Increases in employment oppurtunities causes women to join the work force. Also see intro. to birth control measures. Birth rates fall to meet death rates. Population growth decreases.
468834638What is Post-Industrial Stage?Birth rates and Death rates remain stable. No threat of population explosion.
468834639What is Policy?a formal set of rules and regulations designed to address problems and direct decisions.
468834640What are Free Riders?the one in a TOC scenario that selfishly takes advantage of the others for personal gain.
468874525What is Regulations?Specific rules written on broadly based laws.
468874526What are grassroots organizations?an influential small group organizations that attempt to persuade their congressmen/women to initaite laws for their benefit.
468874527What are lobbyist?an influential group that is paybed by corporations to lobby , or argue, congressmen/women to make rules to benefit the corporation.
468874528What is ATSDR , CDC,FDA?Agency for Toxis Substances and Disease Registry Center for Disease Control Foood and Drug Administration
468874529What is NOAA , EPA?National Oceanagraphic and Adotrophic Administration Enviromental Protection Agency
468874530What is First Era?Western Expansion and Land Management Ex. Louisiannna Purchase
468874531What is Second Era?Fix 1st era and Yellowstone world's first national park - true example of democracy
468874532What is Caring Capacity?the amount if land it takes to support an animal.
468874533What is the 3rd Era?Largest enactment of Federal Enviromental law in US
468874534What is customary law?from a particular countries culture
468874535What is conventional law?from conventions or treaties from multinational conferences. Ex. Kyoto Prodical, Montreal Prodical
468874536What is command- and control approach?US policy idea that if you don't do something, I'll fine you.
468874537What is Subsidy?Giving of govt. funds to encourage a particular activity.
468874538What did National Environment Policy Act do?Created EPA
468874539What did Federal Pesticide Act do?Got rid of DDT
468874540What did Endangered Species Act do?makes list of protected critters
468874541What did toxis substances control act do?make companies keep track of their chemicals and waster.
468874542What did CERCLA do?Gives money to damaged areas
468874543What are some endangered amphibians?Texas Blind Salamander Cobalt Blind Salamander Leatherback sea turtle (threat) Kimp's ridley sea turtle
468874544What are some endagered birds?Red cockaded wood pecker Whooping crane Attwater's greater prairie chicken
468874545What are some endangered fish?small tooth saw fish Fountain darter
468874546What are some endangered plants?Navasota ladies- tresses Texas Snowballs
468874547What are some endangered mammals?Grey Wolf, Gulf coast Jaguarundi Ocelot Jaguar Whales
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APES 101-151 Flashcards

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605686960Hypoxiawhen aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life
605686961Anoxicno DO (dissolved O2) in the water
605686962Surface miningcheaper and can remove more minerals; less hazardous to workers
605686963Orea rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine
605686964Humusorganic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms
605686965Leachingremoval of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards
605686966Illuviationdeposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B horizon)
605686967Loamperfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, silt, clay (40%, 40%, 20%)
605686968Soil Profile, horizons in orderO - A - E - B - C -R
605686969Organic fertilizerslow-acting & long-lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed
605686970Salinization of soilin arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind
605686971Volcano and Earthquake occurrenceat plate boundaries (divergent= spreading, mid-ocean ridges) (convergent= trenches) (transform= sliding, San Andreas)
605686972Monoculturecultivation of a single crop, usually in a large area
605686973Foodwheat, rice and corn provide more than 1⁄2 of the calories in the food consumed by the world's people
605686974LD50 (LD-50, LD50)the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population within 14 days of the initial dose
605686975Threshold dosethe maximum dose that has no measurable effect on a given population
605686976Percent water on earth by type97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater
605686977Aquiferany water-bearing layer in the ground; confined or artesian, unconfined or water table
605686978Subsidenceland sinks as result of over pumping an aquifer
605686979Cone of depressionlowering of the water table around a pumping well
605686980Salt water intrusionnear the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer
605686981Ways to conserve wateragriculture = drip/trickle irrigation; industry = recycling; home = use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures. reclaimed water for agriculture and golf courses
605686982Hazardous Waste (as defined by RCRA) - Mutagen, Teratogen, Carcinogenin order) causes hereditary changes through mutations; causes fetus deformities; causes cancer
605686983Minamata Bay disease(1932-1968, Japan) physical and mental impairments caused by methylmercury (CH3Hg)+ poisoning
605686984Love Canal, NY(1950s +) chemicals buried in old canal; school and homes built over it; caused birth defects and cancer
605686985Main component of municipal solid waste (MSW)paper; most is landfilled
605686986Sanitary landfill problems and solutionsproblem = leachate; solution = liner with collection system problem = methane gas; solution = collect gas and burn problem = volume of garbage; solution = compact and reduce
605686987Incineration advantagesvolume of waste reduced by 90%, and waste heat can be used
605686988Incineration disadvantagestoxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride, dioxins), scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators  needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals) 
605686989Best way to solve waste problemreduce the amounts of waste at the source (source reduction)
605686990ENSOEl Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific
605686991During an El Niño yeartrade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA
605686992During a non El Niño yeareasterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America
605686993Effects of El Niñoupwelling decreases disrupting food chains; N U.S. has mild winters, SW U.S. has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes
605686994Temperature Inversionlayer of dense, cool air trapped under a layer of warm dense air, pollution in trapped layer may build to harmful levels; frequent in Los Angeles, California and Mexico City, Mexico
605686995Forest FiresTypes - Surface, Crown, Ground (in order) usually burn only under growth and leaf litter on forest floor; hot fires, may start on ground but eventually leap from treetop to treetop; go underground, may smolder for days or weeks, difficult to detect and extinguish, i.e. peat bogs.
605686996Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act(1977) requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land Madrid Protocol: (1991) Suspension of mineral exploration (mining) for 50 years in Antarctica
605686997Madrid Protocol(1991) Moratorium on mineral exploration for 50 years in Antarctica
605686998Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA, 1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health
605686999Clean Water Act(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable
605687000Ocean Dumping Ban Act(1988) bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste in the ocean
605687001Clean Air Act(CAA, 1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants
605687002Kyoto Protocol(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries
605687003Montreal Protocol(1987) phase-out of ozone depleting substances
605687004Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA)(1976) controls hazardous waste with a cradle-to-grave system
605687005Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA)(1980) "Superfund," designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites
605687006Nuclear Waste Policy Act(1982) U.S. government must develop a high level nuclear waste site (Yucca Mtn)
605687007Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA, 1996)set pesticide limits in food, & all active and inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects
605687008Endangered Species Act(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations
605687009Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)(1973) lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products
605687010Magnuson-Stevens Act(1976) Management of marine fisheries
605687011Healthy Forest Initiative(HFI, Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003) thin overstocked stands, clear away vegetation and trees to create shaded fuel breaks, provide funding and guidance to reduce or eliminate hazardous fuels in national forests, improve forest fire fighting, and research new methods to halt destructive insects
605687012National Environmental Policy Act(1969) Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started
605687013Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(2004) Seeks to protect human health from the 12 most toxic chemicals (includes 8 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides / DDT can be used for malaria control)
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APES #3 Pop agriculture forestry sping AP TEST Flashcards

APES final exam reviews prepare for AP TEST

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160433875waterloggingSaturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface.
160433876windbreakRow of trees or hedges planted to partially block wind flow and reduce soil erosion on cultivated land.
161349657age structurePercentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.
161349658birth rateAnnual number of live births in a given country.
161349659crude birth rateAnnual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.
161349660crude death rateAnnual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.
161349661death rateAnnual number of deaths in a given country.
161349662demographic transitionHypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates.
161349663emigrationMovement of people out of a specific geographic area.
161349664family planningProviding information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.
161349665fertilityThe number of births that occur to an individual woman or in a population.
161349666immigrationMigration of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence.
161349667infant mortality rateNumber of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday.
161349668life expectancyAverage number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.
161349669migrationMovement of people into and out of a specific geographic area.
161349670population changeAn increase or decrease in the size of a population.It is equal to (Births + Immigration) -(Deaths + Emigration).
161349672replacement-level fertilityNumber of children a couple must have to replace them. The average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than 2 children per couple (2.1 in the United States and 2.5 in some developing countries) because some children die before reaching their reproductive years.
161349673total fertility rate (TFR)Estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. In simpler terms, it is an estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
161349674agroforestryPlanting trees and crops together.
161349675alley croppingPlanting of crops in strips with rows of trees or shrubs on each side.
161349676animal manureDung and urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer.
161349677aquacultureGrowing and harvesting of fish and shellfish for human use in freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, and lakes, or in cages or fenced-in areas of coastal lagoons and estuaries.
161349678chronic undernutritionAn ongoing condition suffered by people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy need.
161349679commercial inorganic fertilizerCommercially prepared mixture of plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and potassium applied to the soil to restore fertility and increase crop yields.
161349680compostPartially decomposed organic plant and animal matter used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer.
161349681conservation-tillage farmingCrop cultivation in which the soil is disturbed little (minimum-tillage farming) or not at all (no-till farming) to reduce soil erosion, lower labor costs, and save energy.
161349682contour farmingPlowing and planting across the changing slope of land, rather than in straight lines, to help retain water and reduce soil erosion.
161349683conventional-tillage farmingCrop cultivation method in which a planting surface is made by plowing land, breaking up the exposed soil, and then smoothing the surface.
161349684crop rotationPlanting a field, or an area of a field, with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion. A plant such as corn, tobacco, or cotton, which removes large amounts of nitrogen from the soil, is planted one year. The next year a legume such as soybeans, which adds nitrogen to the soil, is planted.
161349685desertificationConversion of rangeland, rain-fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desertlike land, with a drop in agricultural productivity of 10% or more. It usually is caused by a combination of overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought, and climate change.
161349686famineWidespread malnutrition and starvation in a particular area because of a shortage of food, usually caused by drought, war, flood, earthquake, or other catastrophic events that disrupt food production and distribution.
161349687feedlotConfined outdoor or indoor space used to raise hundreds to thousands of domesticated livestock.
161349688fertilizerSubstance that adds inorganic or organic plant nutrients to soil and improves its ability to grow crops, trees, or other vegetation.
161349689fish farmingfish are cultivated in a controlled pond or other environment and harvested when they reach the desired size.
161349690fish ranchingmembers of a fish species such as salmon are held in captivity for the first few years of their lives, released, and then harvested as adults when they return from the ocean to their freshwater birthplace to spawn.
161349691fisheryConcentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water.
161349692food securityEvery person in a given area has daily access to enough nutritious food to have an active and healthy life.
161349693fungicideChemical that kills fungi.
161349694green manureFreshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth.
161349695green revolutionPopular term for introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, maize) that, with high enough inputs of fertilizer and water, can greatly increase crop yields.
161349696gully erosionOccurs when rivulets of fast-flowing water join together to cut wider and deeper ditches or gullies.
161349697herbicideChemical that kills a plant or inhibits its growth.
161349698high-input agricultureSame as industrialized agriculture.
161349699hungerSuffered when people cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs.
161349700industrialized agricultureUsing large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (especially oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale.
161349701inorganic fertilizerSame as commercial inorganic fertilizer.
161349702insecticideChemical that kills insects.
161349703integrated pest management (IPM)Combined use of biological, chemical, and cultivation methods in proper sequence and timing to keep the size of a pest population below the size that causes economically unacceptable loss of a crop or livestock animal.
161349704intercroppingGrowing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot. For example, a carbohydrate-rich grain that depletes soil nitrogen and a protein-rich legume that adds nitrogen to the soil may be intercropped.
161349705interplantingSimultaneously growing a variety of crops on the same plot.
161349706land degradationOccurs when natural or human-induced processes decrease the future ability of land to support crops, livestock, or wild species.
161349707low-input agriculturesustainable agriculture.
161349708malnutritionFaulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for good health.
161349709manuregreen manure.
161349710metabolismAbility of a living cell or organism to capture and transform matter and energy from its environment to supply its needs for survival, growth, and reproduction.
161349711micronutrientsChemical elements that organisms need in small or even trace amounts to live, grow, or reproduce.
161349712micronutrients examplesare sodium, zinc, copper, chlorine, and iodine.
161349713minimum-tillage farmingSame as conservation-tillage farming.
161349714monocultureCultivation of a single crop, usually on a large area of land.
161349715no-till farminga form of conservation-tillage farming.
161349716organic farmingProducing crops and livestock naturally by using organic fertilizer (manure, legumes, compost) and natural pest control (bugs that eat harmful bugs, plants that repel bugs, and environmental controls such as crop rotation) instead of using commercial inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides and herbicides.
161349717organic fertilizerOrganic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost, applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrients.
161349718overnutritionDiet so high in calories, saturated (animal) fats, salt, sugar, and processed foods and so low in vegetables and fruits that the consumer runs high risks of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and other health hazards.
161349719pestUnwanted organism that directly or indirectly interferes with human activities.
161349720pesticideAny chemical designed to kill or inhibit the growth of an organism that people consider undesirable.
161349721plantation agricultureGrowing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries.
161349722polycultureComplex form of intercropping in which a large number of different plants maturing at different times are planted together.
161349723polyvarietal cultivationPlanting a plot of land with several varieties of the same crop.
161349724salinizationAccumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.
161349725sheet erosionOccurs when surface water or wind peel off fairly thin sheets or layers of soil.
161349726shelterbeltwindbreak.
161349727shifting cultivationClearing a plot of ground in a forest, especially in tropical areas, and planting crops on it for a few years (typically 2-5 years) until the soil is depleted of nutrients or the plot has been invaded by a dense growth of vegetation from the surrounding forest. Then a new plot is cleared and the process is repeated. The abandoned plot cannot successfully grow crops for 10-30 years.
161349728slash-and-burn cultivationCutting down trees and other vegetation in a patch of forest, leaving the cut vegetation on the ground to dry, and then burning it. The ashes that are left add nutrients to the nutrient-poor soils found in most tropical forest areas. Crops are planted between tree stumps. Plots must be abandoned after a few years (typically 2-5 years) because of loss of soil fertility or invasion of vegetation from the surrounding forest.
161349729soil conservationMethods used to reduce soil erosion, prevent depletion of soil nutrients, and restore nutrients already lost by erosion, leaching, and excessive crop harvesting.
161349730soil erosionMovement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.
161349731strip croppingPlanting regular crops and close-growing plants, such as hay or nitrogen-fixing legumes, in alternating rows or bands to help reduce depletion of soil nutrients.
161349732subsistence farmingSupplementing solar energy with energy from human labor and draft animals to produce enough food to feed oneself and family members; in good years enough food may be left over to sell or put aside for hard times.
161349733sustainable agricultureMethod of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers, soil conservation, water conservation, biological pest control, and minimal use of nonrenewable fossil-fuel energy.
161349734terracingPlanting crops on a long, steep slope that has been converted into a series of broad, nearly level terraces with short vertical drops from one to another that run along the contour of the land to retain water and reduce soil erosion.
161349735traditional intensive agricultureProducing enough food for a farm family's survival and perhaps a surplus that can be sold. This type of agriculture uses higher inputs of labor, fertilizer, and water than traditional subsistence agriculture.
161349736traditional subsistence agricultureProduction of enough crops or livestock for a farm family's survival and, in good years, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times.
161349737undernutritionConsuming insufficient food to meet one's minimum daily energy needs for a long enough time to cause harmful effects.
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APES #2 Weather Biomes Soil Succession sping AP TEST Flashcards

More practice for APES Finals

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161343136Weatheris an area's temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and other physical conditions of the lower atmosphere over hours or days.
161343137Elevationdistance above sea level
161343138Latitudedistance from the equator
161343139Average temperaturefactor determining climate
161343140Average precipitationfactor determining climate
161343141Coriolis effecta deflection of moving objects when they are viewed from a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the left of the motion of the object; in one with anti clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the right.
161343142Prevailing windsmajor surface winds that blow almost continuously and distribute air, moisture, and dust over the earth's surface
161343143Greenhouse gasesgases in the located in the troposphere and causes the greenhouse effect. Examples include carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide
161343144Greenhouse gasescarbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide
161343145Greenhouse effectwavelength infrared radiation in the troposphere. If the atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases increase and other natural processes do not remove them, the average temperature of the lower atmosphere will increase gradually. (Global warming)
161343146Monsoonsperiods of heavy rains and experienced on continents lying north and south of the warm oceans
161343147Microclimatesbricks, concrete, asphalt, and other building materials absorb and hold heat, and building block wind flow. Cars and the climate control systems of buildings release large quantities of heat and pollutants. As a result, cities tend to have more haze and smog, higher temperatures, and lower wind speeds than the surrounding countryside.
161343148Tropical desertsSahara and Namib of Africa are hot and dry most of the yea. They have few plants and a hard, windblown surface with rocks and sand. They are deserts we see in movies
161343149Temperate desertsMojave in California, daytime temperatures are high in the summer and low in the winter. This is more precipitation than in tropical deserts. Consists of cacti and drought resistant shrubs
161343150Cold desertsvegetation is sparse, winters are cold, summers are warm or hot, and precipitation is low.
161343151Grasslands (prairie) and Chaparralbiome found in regions where moderate annual average precipitation (25cm 76cm) is enough to support the growth of grass and small plants but not enough to support large stands of trees.
161343152Savannatropical grasslands with scattered trees and enormous herds of hoofed animals. Trees such as acacia, warm temperatures with alternating dry and wet seasons.
161343153Temperate GrasslandsFertile Soils with cold winters and hot and dry summers have deep and fertile soils that make them widely used for growing crops and grazing cattle
161343154Short grass prairiesMidwestern United States, winds blow continuously, evaporation is rapid, often leading to fires in the summer and fall. This combination helps maintain grasslands
161343155Polar Grasslands- Arctic Tundrapolar grassland are covered with ice and snow except during a brief summer
161343156Permafrostunderground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than 2 consecutive years. During the long and cold winters the surface soil also freezes
161343157Alpine tundraoccurs above the limit of tree growth but below the permanent snow line on high mountains. Vegetation is similar to arctic tundra
161343158Chaparral -has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires
161343159Forestbiome with enough average annual precipitation (at least 76cm) to support the growth of tree species and smaller forms of vegetation.
161343160Tropical Rain ForestThreatened Centers of Biodiversity with Poor Soils have heavy rainfall on most days and a rich diversity of species occupying a variety of specialized niches in distinct layers
161343161Broadleaf evergreen plantsvegetation that dominates this biome, keep their leaves year round
161343162Tropical dry forestsfound in tropical areas with warm temperatures year round and wet and dry seasons Tree heights are lower than in rain forests
161343163Temperate Deciduous ForestsChanging with the Seasons most of the trees in these forests survive winter by dropping their leaves, which decay and produce a nutrient rich soil
161343164Broadleaf deciduous trees- oak, hickory, maple, poplar, and beechsurvive cold winters by dropping their leaves in the fall and becoming dominant.
161343165Evergreen Coniferous ForestsCold Winters, Wet Summers, and Conifers - these forests consist mostly of cone bearing evergreen trees that keep their needles year spruce, fir, cedar, hemlock, and pine round to help the trees survive long and cold winters Coniferous Evergreen trees
161343166MountainHigh elevation forested islands of biodiversity and often have snow covered peaks that reflect solar radiation and gradually release water to lower
161343167Islands of biodiversitysurrounded by a sea of lower elevation landscapes transformed by human activities
161343168ZooplanktonAnimal plankton; small floating herbivores that feed on phytoplankton
161343169UltraplaktonHuge populations of extremely small photosynthetic bacteria that may be responsible for 70% of the primary productivity near the ocean surface.
161343170NektonStrongly swimming organisms found in aquatic systems.
161343171Benthosdwelling organisms
161343172DecomposersOrganism that digests parts of dead organisms and cast off fragments and wastes of living organisms by breaking down the complex organic molecules in those materials into simpler inorganic compounds.
161343173Coastal ZoneWarm, nutrient rich, shallow part of the ocean that extends from the high tide mark on land to the edge of a shelf
161343174EstuaryPartially enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river where its freshwater, carrying fertile silt and runoff from the land, mixes with salty seawater.
161343175Coastal WetlandsLand along a coastline, extending inland from an estuary that is convered with saltwater all or part of the year.
161343176Intertidal ZoneThe area of shoreline between low and high tides.
161343177Open SeaPart of an ocean that lies beyond the continental shelf.
161343178Euphotic zonebrightly lit upper zone where floating and drifting phytoplankton carry out photosynthesis. Nutrient levels are low and levels of dissolved oxygen are high. Fast swimming predators inhabit this zone.
161343179Euphotic zoneFast swimming predators inhabit this zone
161343180Bathayal zonedimly lit middle zone that does not contain photosynthesizing producers because of lack of sunlight. Zooplankton and smaller fish populate this zone.
161343181Abyssal zonelowest zone. Dark and very cold with little dissolved oxygen.
161343182LakesLarge natural body of standing freshwater formed when water from precipitation, land runoff, or groundwater flow fills a depression in the earth created by glaciation, earth movement, volcanic activity, or a giant meteorite.
161343183Littoral ZoneThe top layer of a lake. It is near the shore and consists of the shallow sunlit waters to the depth at which rooted plants such as cattails stop growing. It's the most productive zone because of the ample amount of sunlight. There is great biodiversity.
161343184Limnetic Zonethe open, sunlit water surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth by penetrated sunlight. Main photosynthetic body of the lake, produces the food and oxygen that support most of the lake's consumers. Primary organisms microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton.
161343185Profundal Zonedeep, open water where it is too dark for photosynthesis. Oxygen levels are low. Fish adapted to the lake's cooler and darker water are found here.
161343186Benthic ZoneBottom of the lake. Mostly decomposers and detritus feeders inhabit it. Nourished by dead matter and sediments washing into the lake.
161343187Oligotrophic Lakewith a low supply of plant nutrients.
161343188Eutrophic Lakewith a large or excessive supply of plant nutrients, mostly nitrates and phosphates.
161343189Cultural EutrophicationOvernourishment of aquatic ecosystems with plant nutrients because of human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and discharges from industrial plants and sewage treatment plants.
161343190Mesotrophic Lakeswith a moderate supply of plant nutrients
161343191Surface WaterPrecipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration.
161343192RunoffFreshwater from precipitation and melting ice that flows on the earth's surface into nearby streams, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs.
161343193Floodplain zonestreams join into wider and deeper rivers that flow across broad, flat valleys.
161343194Inland WetlandsLand away from the coast, such as a swamp, marsh, or bog, that is covered all or part of the time with freshwater.
161343195Watershedthe land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream
161350584EcologyThe study of how organisms with one another and with their nonliving environment. The study of connections in nature.
161350585OrganismAny form of life
161350586Speciesorganisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemistry, and genetic makeup.
161350587PopulationA group of interacting individuals of the same species occupying a specific area.
161350588Genetic DiversityDifference in genetic makeup.
161350589HabitatThe place where a population lives (can be as large as the ocean or as small as the intestines of a termite).
161350590Distribution (range)The area over which we can find a species (Some tropical plants have a very small range while animals like grizzlies tend to have large ranges).
161350591Biological communityConsists of all the populations of different species that live and interact in a specific area.
161350592EcosystemA community where populations of different species interact with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy.
161350593BiosphereThe global ecosystem where all life is interconnected.
161350594AtmosphereA thin membrane of air around the planet.
161350595Tropospherethe part of the atmosphere. It extends about 17km above sea level. This layer contains most of earth's air, mostly oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%).
161350596Stratospherethe part of the atmosphere. It extends from about 17km to 48km above sea level. Keeps out harmful UV radiation.
161350597HydrosphereAll of earth's water. It's found as a liquid (water), a solid (ice), and a gas (steam).
161350598LithosphereThe earth's crust and upper mantle
161350599BiomesLarge regions with distinct climates and specific species adapted to them.
161350600Aquatic life zonesdifferent ecosystems found in different types of water (ocean verse a lake).
161350601AbioticNonliving components such as water, air, nutrients, and solar energy.
161350602BioticConsists of living components such as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
161350603Limiting factorA certain factor like nitrogen and phosphorous that has a great effect on an environment.
161350604Producers (autotrophs) -Make their own food from compounds and energy obtained from their environment. Most producers capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates.
161350605PhotosynthesisThe act of capturing sunlight to produce energy.
161350606Consumers (heterotrophs)Obtain energy from consuming other organisms or their remains.
161350607Primary Consumers (herbivores)- Eat producers (deer).
161350608Secondary consumers (carnivores)Feed on primary consumers (fox).
161350609Omnivoreseat both plants and animals (bear).
161350610Decomposersare specialized organism that recycles nutrients in ecosystems. Breakdown dead material (Bacteria).
161350611DetritivoresFeed on the dead bodies or waste of other organisms (maggots)
161350612Aerobic respirationWhen an organism uses the chemical energy stored in glucose and other organic compounds to fuel their life processes. Need oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into carbon dioxide and water
161350613Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)When an organism uses the chemical energy stored in glucose and other organic compounds to fuel their life processes in the absence of oxygen. The byproducts of this are methane, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, hydrogen sulfide.
161350614Food chainA sequence of organisms, each of which is a source of food for the next.
161350615Trophic levelFeeding level
161350616Biomassthe weight of all organisms in a trophic level.
161350617Gross Primary ProductivityThe rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass.
161350618Net primary productivityThe rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored energy.
161350619O horizonThe surface litter layer.
161350620A horizonThe topsoil layer. A porous mixture of partially decomposed bodies of dead plants and animals (humus).
161350621B horizonSubsoil.
161350622C horizonParent material.
161350623LeachingWhen water moving downwards through soil (infiltration) takes minerals down with it.
161350624Soil textureDifferent soils are measured by the amount of sand, clay and silt in it
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APES Winter Final HPHS Weiland part 2 Flashcards

Material that can help you prepare for the winter final exam in APES.

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282622664CERCLA (Superfund)this law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. Pays for clean up ($ from taxes)
282622665CoevolutionEvolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations. One species can lead to changes in the gene pool of another species. (plants and insects)
282622666Cogenerationproduction of two useful forms of energy, such as high- temperature heat or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source. (increase efficiency)
282622667convergent evolutionthe development of similar structures in organisms that do not share recent common ancestors. (unrelated relationship) dolphin and sharks
282622668Decomposition/ decomposerorganism that digests parts of dead organisms and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms by breaking down the complex organic molecules in those materials into simpler inorganic compounds and then absorbing the soluble nutrients. Decomposers consist of various bacteria and fungi. Complex simple
282622669Denitrificationwhen nitrogen leaves the soil as specialized bacteria in waterlogged soil and in the bottom sediments of lakes, oceans, and swamps convert NH3 to NH4 back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then into nitrogen gas (N2) and nitrous oxide gas N2O. These gases are released into the atmosphere to begin the nitrogen cycle. (75)
282622670detritus feederOrganisms that extracts nutrients from fragments of dead organisms and their cast-off parts and organic wastes. Eat dead things on the ground. Not considered Decomposers
282622671DetritusParts of dead organisms and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms.
282622672divergent evolutionis the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics through genetic drift and natural selection. 2 Species split. SPECIATION
282622673EcosystemA community where populations of different species interact with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy. Biological and Physical Environment Living= biotic + Nonliving= abiotic
282622674Eutrophication-natural and culturalPhysical, chemical, and biological changes that take place after a lake or estuary receives inputs of plant nutrients- mostly nitrates and phosphates- from natural erosions and runoff from surrounding land basins.
282622675Eutrophication leads to HYPOXIAGreening of a lake caused by fertilizer runoff. Algae dies, the bacteria spreads and soaks up all the oxygen which kills the fish and creates dead zones.
282622676Cultural Eutrophicationhuman inputs of nutrients from the atmosphere and from nearby urban and agricultural areas can accelerate the eutrophication of lakes.
282622677Floodplainflat valley floor next to a stream channel. For legal purposes, the term often applies to any low area that has the potential for flooding, including certain costal areas. They are good farming because its very fertile land. Its constantly replenished with fresh slit washed down in a flood. SILT
282622678Gross primary productivity(GPP) rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time. Total energy plant stores
282622679Net Primary ProductivityNet amount of primary production after cost of plant respieration is included. GPP-R= NPP
282622680Gene poolsum total of all genes found in the individuals of the population of a particular species.
282622681Gasificationthe heating and partial combustion of coal to release volatile gases, such as methane and carbon monoxide; after pollutants are washed out, these gases become efficient, clean-burning fuel. Makes fuel portable. Gas from coal
282622682Hydrogen sulfide, H2SCommon chemical found in fluids of hydrothermal vents. When seawater is exposed to the sulfate in volcanic rock below the ocean floor, hydrogen sulfide is formed.
282622683James Bay, QuebecBay that transports water. 16,000 megawatss of hydroelectricity. Dam works to generate electricity. Not a tall dam
282622684K strategists-fewer and larger offspring; - High parental care and protection of offspring; - later reproduction age; - most offspring lives to reproduce; - larger adults; - adapted to stable climate/environmental conditions; - lower population growth rate(r) ; - pop size is stable and close to carrying capacity; -specialist niche; - high ability to compete; - late successional species;
282622685R strategistsMany small offspring; - little t no parenting/ protection; - early reproductive age; - most offspring don't live to reproduce; - small adults; adapted to unstable climate/environment ; Higher population growth rate(r) ; pop. Size changes above/below c.c; - generalist niche; - low ability to compete; - early successional species;
282622686Kissimmee River, Floridathe physical effects of channelization, including alteration of the system's hydrologic characteristics, largely eliminated river and floodplain wetlands and degraded fish and wildlife values of the Kissimmee River ecosystem. Restoration project that is part of the everglades
282622687limiting factortoo much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum range or tolerance. This is how population is controlled.
282622688Lithosphereis made up of two parts the crust and the mantle(upper and lower mantle). It contains nonrenewable fossil fuels and minerals we use as well as renewable soil chemicals needed for plant life
282622689Methane, CH4a naturally occurring gas, which is associated with decomposition and with oil deposits. It is a greenhouse gas and burning it, or releasing it to the atmosphere will lead to the creation of carbon dioxide. Burning= CO2. Byproduct of decomposition
282622690Methylationconnected to damaging DNA
282622691mitigation bankingreduces greenhouse gas emissions to slow down the rate of temperature increase and buy time to learn more about how the earth's climate system works and to shift to other non-carbon energy options. Companies use it to make artificial wetlands
282622692Mono Lake, Californiadesert lake with an unusually productive ecosystem, based on brine shrimp that grow in the lake, and critical nesting habitat for two million migratory birds that feed on the shrimp. Similar to Aral Sea. Deprived of water
282622693NAFTANorth Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
282622694Net primary productivitythe rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored energy through aerobic respiration. Net energy left after plants burn energy
282622695Nicheway of life for a species
282622696Generalist nichewide niches Generalist species tolerate a wide range of conditions
282622697Specialist nichenarrow niche specialist species can only tolerate a narrow range of conditions
282622698Fundamental nichethe fully potential range of physical, chemical, and biological conditions and resources a species could theoretically use. (everything)
282622699Realized nicheto survive and avoid competition, a species usually occupies only part of its fundamental
282622700niche.what actually happens- how an organism lives
282622701NitrificationHappens when ammonia not taken up by plants may undergo nitrification. Two step process. is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. Chemical process
282622702Nitrogen dioxide, NO2is the chemical compound with the formula NO2
282622703Nitrogen fixationconversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria; it is part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen becomes ammonia
282622704Nitrogen, N2Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Synthetically-produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers, and also key pollutants in causing the eutrophication of water systems. 78% of earth
282622705PhotosynthesisComplex process that takes place in cells of green plants. Radiant energy from the sun is used to combine CO2 and H2O to produce O2 and carbohydrates such as glucose (C6H12O6) and other nutrient molecules
282622706PopulationGroup of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area
282622707primary successionecological succession in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organisms.
282622708Secondary successionecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil is not destroyed.
282622709Reclamation of mine land includesrestoring land, bringing in new top soil, grading/smoothing land, phytoremediation. (the glen)
282622710Remediationthe action of remedying something, especially the reversal or stopping of damage to the environment.
282622711Restoration ecologyRestoration ecology practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action, within a short time frame
282622712ScavengerOrganism that feeds on dead organisms that were killed by other organisms or died naturally. Example
282622713SpeciesGroup of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure. Organisms that reproduce sexually are classified as members of the same species only if they can actually or potentially interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
282622714Species richnessnumber of different species contained in a community.
282622715Sustainabilityability of earth's various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.
282622716Synergismoccurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects. 2 is greater than 1
282622717The Antarctic Treaty of 1961regulates international trade
282622718The Clean Air Act of 1972one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The use by governments to enforce clean air standards has contributed to an improvement in human health and longer life spans.
282622719The Montreal Protocol 1987 amended in 1990 and 1992CFCs or is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
282622720Three Mile Island, Pennsylvaniathe nuclear power plant widely known for having been the site of the most significant accident in United States commercial nuclear energy, on March 28, 1979, when TMI-2 suffered a partial meltdown.
282622721Toleranceminimum and maximum limits for physical conditions and concentrations of chemical substances beyond which no members of a particular species can survive.
282622722TranspirationProcess in which water is absorbed by the root systems of plants, moves up through the plants, passes through pores in their leaves or other parts, and evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor.
282622723trophic levelall organisms that are the same number of energy transfers away from the original source of energy that enter an ecosystem. 1st level= all producers 2nd level= all herbivores
282622724Symbiotic relationshipsnecessary for the survival of at least one of the organisms involved; associations in which one organism lives on another or where one partner lives inside the other.
282622725Keystone speciescontrol interactions in a community (species and numbers). Regulates what happens and if this species is lost the whole population changes.
282622726Foundation speciescontrol/create habitat. Elephants knock down tress to make a habitat.
282622727Indicator speciesbright species, 1st to disappear/damage (Bees)
282622728Non-native speciesOriginally come from outside, migrate or introduced
282622729Native speciesOriginal, always been there
282622730Generalists speciesBroad niches
282622731Specialists speciesnarrow niches
282622732Predatorkills others
282622733efficiencies of an average coal-fired power plant30-35% =efficiency of coal
282622734What is CITES?-Convention on International trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora an international agreement between the government aim control international trade of wild animals to make sure it doesn't endanger the it works
282622735CITES Appendix 1Animals close to extinction. nearly all trade of these animals is illegal (pandas)
282622736CITES Appendix 2Includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but locally rare.
282622737Migratory Bird Act of 1918USA entered into agreements with 4 other nations(Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Russia)This law makes it illegal to hunt, kill, sell birds that are migratory Can't take any of the bird's feathers or nests
282622738Lacey Act of 1900US law prohibits the transport of illegally captured animals across state lines -1st federal law protecting wildlife today its expanded to prevent the import of nonnatives
282622739Habitat FragmentationHappens when one large continuous area of habitat is reduced in area and ,  species into smaller/isolated groups that divided into smaller more scattered, and isolated. This leads to diversity because it divides.
282622740Biogeographyis the study of the distribution of species. Spatially and temporarily.
282622741Island geography-large islands= more species and -further away from main land= less diverse
282622742Intrinsic valuesaesthetics, see wildlife
282622743Extrinsic valuessell/calculate ($)
282622744What characteristics make species prone to extinction?-low reproductive rate (k)- specialized niche -narrow distribution- feeds at high trophic level -fixed migratory patterns-rare -commercially valuable-large territories
282622745.Local extinctionwhen a species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world.
282622747Ecological ExtinctionWhen so few members of a species are let that it can no longer play its ecological role in the biological communities where it is found.
282622750Background Extinctionnormal extinction of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions
282622751Mass ExtinctionA catastrophic, widespread often global event in which major groups of species are wiped out over a short time compared with normal (background extinction).
282622753Biological evolution depends onMust have enough genetic VARIABILITY for a trait to exist; The trait must be HERITABLE; Trait must lead to DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION. It must enable individuals with the trait to leave more offspring than other members of the population.
282622755Doubling time formula.Td= 70/ r (in percentage)
282622757MantleZone of the earth's interior between its core and its crust. most of it is solid rock Iron & Nickel - under its rigid outer part is the Asthenosphere - hot, partly melted pliable rock that flows and can be deformed like sot plastic
282622759Coreinner zone of the earth. -extremely hot Hot iron radioactive - solid inner core liquid outer core
282622761LithosphereOuter shell of the earth composed of crust rock and materials - rigid, most outer part of the mantle outside the asthenosphere- or material found in the earth's plates
282622763Where do we use bauxite for?In the development of aluminum  burned or melted -aluminum process= expensive- recycle aluminum saves 98% of energy
282622765Where are methyl anhydrates found?frozen rock found in deep sea - expensive and hard to get
282622768Demographic transitionas countries become economically developed, their birth and death rates tend to decline.
282622770Preindustrial Stage Demographic transitionLittle population growth due to high infant mortality
282622772Transitional Stage Demographic transitionIndustrialization begins, death rate drops and birth rate remains high
282622774Industrial stage Demographic transitionBirth rate drops and approaches death rate
282622776Global warmingWarming of the earth's atmosphere because of increases in the concentrations of one or more greenhouse gases primarily as a result of human activities, melts glaciers, raises ocean levels,
282622778thermal expansion of oceans does what?also raised ocean levels
282622780Greenhouse effectnatural effect that releases heat in the atmosphere (troposphere) near the earth's surface.
282622781Greenhouse ChemicalsWater vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and other gases in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) absorb some of infrared radiation (heat) radiated by the earth's surface.
282622782What processes remove/add CO2 to the earth's atmosphere?Remove CO2 by growing plants, growing trees, dissolving CO2 in water Add burn things, drive cars, breathing
282622783What is overfishing? ?Harvesting so many fish of a species, especially not enough breeding stock is left to replenish the species and it becomes unprofitable to harvest them. -commercial depletion-extinction
282622784Who are the whaling nations?Japan, Iceland, Norway, Greenland, Russia, and more.
282622785IWCInternational whaling commission -an international body set up by the terms of the international convention for regulation of whaling which was signed in DC . Most people in this are largely opposed to the practice of whaling.
282622786How does one explain the fluctuation of CO2 in the atmosphere on a yearly basis? -deforestation-clearing grasslands-burning fossil fuels
282622787What causes the seasons?as earth makes its annual revolution around the sun on an axis tilted about 23.5, various regions are tipped toward or away from the sun. the resulting variations in the amount of solar energy reaching the earth create the seasons in the north and south hemispheres.
282622788Coriollis effectspinning of earth. Air isn't connected to earth so it gets pulled. Because of this effect the earth's rotation deflects the movement of the air over different parts of the earth distributing heat and moisture in the troposphere.
282622789Leachingproves in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and carried to lower layers and, in some cases, to groundwater.
282622790Soil horizionhorizontal zones that make up a particular mature soil. Each horizon has a distinct texture and composition that vary with different types of soil.
282622791O horizonthe top layer, surface litter layer, it consists of freshly fallen undecomposed or partially decomposed leaves, twigs, crop wastes, animal waste, fungi, and other organic materials. Brown or black in color.
282622792A horizontop soil layer, is a porous mixture of the partially decomposed bodies of dead plants/animals called "humus" and inorganic materials such as clay, silt, and sand. Very fertile soil that produces high crop yields.
282622793B/C horizonB(subsoil) and C(parent material) contains most of a soil's inorganic matter, mostly broken down rock consisting of varying mixtures of sand, slit, clay, and gravel much of it transported by water from "a horizon". The "c horizon" lies on a base of unweathered parent material normally bedrock.
282622794Carbon cyclecyclic movement of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment
282622795nitrogen cyclecyclic movement of nitrogen in organisms and back to the environment.
282622796Water cyclecollects, purifies, distributes, and recycles the earth's fixed supply of water. Powered by energy from the sun that evaporates water into the atmosphere that comes back to earth because of gravity.
282622797Sulfur cyclecyclic movement of sulfur in various Chemical forms from the environment to organisms and back to the environment
282622798Rock cyclethe interaction of physical and chemical processes that changes rocks from one type to.another
282622799Rank the following in commercial energy production(high to low)Oil, gas, coal, solar, biomass
282622800carrying capacitythe maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain without degrading the habitat.
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APES Winter Final HPHS Weiland #1 Flashcards

These flashcards will help you prepare for the APES Final exam which uses real AP ES questions. The final is 100 multiple choise questions

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282621729Aral Sea-why interestingSoviet Union, north of china. Diverting water from the Aral sea and its two feeder rivers mostly for irrigation has created a major ecological, economic, and health disaster. It is shrinking since 1960. It was once highly fished and prosperous is now polluted and practically worthless. Badly polluted.
282621730Bioaccumulation/ (Biomagnification)refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost. (430)
282621731biotic potentialMaximum rate at which the population of a given species can increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth. (162)
282621732carnivoreanimal that feeds on other animals. (60)
282621733carrying capacity(K) the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without degrading the habitat. It's the limit to the population growth. Line at the top of the graph where the biotic potential can't go over.
282621734CERCLA (Superfund)this law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. Pays for clean up ($ from taxes)
282621735CoevolutionEvolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations. One species can lead to changes in the gene pool of another species. (plants and insects)
282621736Cogenerationproduction of two useful forms of energy, such as high- temperature heat or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source. (increase efficiency)
282621737convergent evolutionthe development of similar structures in organisms that do not share recent common ancestors. (unrelated relationship) dolphin and sharks
282621738Decomposition/ decomposerorganism that digests parts of dead organisms and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms by breaking down the complex organic molecules in those materials into simpler inorganic compounds and then absorbing the soluble nutrients. Decomposers consist of various bacteria and fungi. Complex simple
282621739Denitrificationwhen nitrogen leaves the soil as specialized bacteria in waterlogged soil and in the bottom sediments of lakes, oceans, and swamps convert NH3 to NH4 back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then into nitrogen gas (N2) and nitrous oxide gas N2O. These gases are released into the atmosphere to begin the nitrogen cycle. (75)
282621740detritus feederOrganisms that extracts nutrients from fragments of dead organisms and their cast-off parts and organic wastes. Eat dead things on the ground. Not considered Decomposers
282621741DetritusParts of dead organisms and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms.
282621742divergent evolutionis the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics through genetic drift and natural selection. 2 Species split. SPECIATION
282621743EcosystemA community where populations of different species interact with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy. Biological and Physical Environment Living= biotic + Nonliving= abiotic
282621744Eutrophication-natural and culturalPhysical, chemical, and biological changes that take place after a lake or estuary receives inputs of plant nutrients- mostly nitrates and phosphates- from natural erosions and runoff from surrounding land basins.
282621745Eutrophication leads to HYPOXIAGreening of a lake caused by fertilizer runoff. Algae dies, the bacteria spreads and soaks up all the oxygen which kills the fish and creates dead zones.
282621746Cultural Eutrophicationhuman inputs of nutrients from the atmosphere and from nearby urban and agricultural areas can accelerate the eutrophication of lakes.
282621747Floodplainflat valley floor next to a stream channel. For legal purposes, the term often applies to any low area that has the potential for flooding, including certain costal areas. They are good farming because its very fertile land. Its constantly replenished with fresh slit washed down in a flood. SILT
282621748Gross primary productivity(GPP) rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time. Total energy plant stores
282621749Net Primary ProductivityNet amount of primary production after cost of plant respieration is included. GPP-R= NPP
282621750Gene poolsum total of all genes found in the individuals of the population of a particular species.
282621751Gasificationthe heating and partial combustion of coal to release volatile gases, such as methane and carbon monoxide; after pollutants are washed out, these gases become efficient, clean-burning fuel. Makes fuel portable. Gas from coal
282621752Hydrogen sulfide, H2SCommon chemical found in fluids of hydrothermal vents. When seawater is exposed to the sulfate in volcanic rock below the ocean floor, hydrogen sulfide is formed.
282621753James Bay, QuebecBay that transports water. 16,000 megawatss of hydroelectricity. Dam works to generate electricity. Not a tall dam
282621754K strategists-fewer and larger offspring; - High parental care and protection of offspring; - later reproduction age; - most offspring lives to reproduce; - larger adults; - adapted to stable climate/environmental conditions; - lower population growth rate(r) ; - pop size is stable and close to carrying capacity; -specialist niche; - high ability to compete; - late successional species;
282621755R strategistsMany small offspring; - little t no parenting/ protection; - early reproductive age; - most offspring don't live to reproduce; - small adults; adapted to unstable climate/environment ; Higher population growth rate(r) ; pop. Size changes above/below c.c; - generalist niche; - low ability to compete; - early successional species;
282621756Kissimmee River, Floridathe physical effects of channelization, including alteration of the system's hydrologic characteristics, largely eliminated river and floodplain wetlands and degraded fish and wildlife values of the Kissimmee River ecosystem. Restoration project that is part of the everglades
282621757limiting factortoo much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum range or tolerance. This is how population is controlled.
282621758Lithosphereis made up of two parts the crust and the mantle(upper and lower mantle). It contains nonrenewable fossil fuels and minerals we use as well as renewable soil chemicals needed for plant life
282621759Methane, CH4a naturally occurring gas, which is associated with decomposition and with oil deposits. It is a greenhouse gas and burning it, or releasing it to the atmosphere will lead to the creation of carbon dioxide. Burning= CO2. Byproduct of decomposition
282621760Methylationconnected to damaging DNA
282621761mitigation bankingreduces greenhouse gas emissions to slow down the rate of temperature increase and buy time to learn more about how the earth's climate system works and to shift to other non-carbon energy options. Companies use it to make artificial wetlands
282621762Mono Lake, Californiadesert lake with an unusually productive ecosystem, based on brine shrimp that grow in the lake, and critical nesting habitat for two million migratory birds that feed on the shrimp. Similar to Aral Sea. Deprived of water
282621763NAFTANorth Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
282621764Net primary productivitythe rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored energy through aerobic respiration. Net energy left after plants burn energy
282621765Nicheway of life for a species
282621766Generalist nichewide niches Generalist species tolerate a wide range of conditions
282621767Specialist nichenarrow niche specialist species can only tolerate a narrow range of conditions
282621768Fundamental nichethe fully potential range of physical, chemical, and biological conditions and resources a species could theoretically use. (everything)
282621769Realized nicheto survive and avoid competition, a species usually occupies only part of its fundamental
282621770niche.what actually happens- how an organism lives
282621771NitrificationHappens when ammonia not taken up by plants may undergo nitrification. Two step process. is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. Chemical process
282621772Nitrogen dioxide, NO2is the chemical compound with the formula NO2
282621773Nitrogen fixationconversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria; it is part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen becomes ammonia
282621774Nitrogen, N2Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Synthetically-produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers, and also key pollutants in causing the eutrophication of water systems. 78% of earth
282621775PhotosynthesisComplex process that takes place in cells of green plants. Radiant energy from the sun is used to combine CO2 and H2O to produce O2 and carbohydrates such as glucose (C6H12O6) and other nutrient molecules
282621776PopulationGroup of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area
282621777primary successionecological succession in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organisms.
282621778Secondary successionecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil is not destroyed.
282621779Reclamation of mine land includesrestoring land, bringing in new top soil, grading/smoothing land, phytoremediation. (the glen)
282621780Remediationthe action of remedying something, especially the reversal or stopping of damage to the environment.
282621781Restoration ecologyRestoration ecology practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action, within a short time frame
282621782ScavengerOrganism that feeds on dead organisms that were killed by other organisms or died naturally. Example
282621783SpeciesGroup of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure. Organisms that reproduce sexually are classified as members of the same species only if they can actually or potentially interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
282621784Species richnessnumber of different species contained in a community.
282621785Sustainabilityability of earth's various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.
282621786Synergismoccurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects. 2 is greater than 1
282621787The Antarctic Treaty of 1961regulates international trade
282621788The Clean Air Act of 1972one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The use by governments to enforce clean air standards has contributed to an improvement in human health and longer life spans.
282621789The Montreal Protocol 1987 amended in 1990 and 1992CFCs or is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
282621790Three Mile Island, Pennsylvaniathe nuclear power plant widely known for having been the site of the most significant accident in United States commercial nuclear energy, on March 28, 1979, when TMI-2 suffered a partial meltdown.
282621791Toleranceminimum and maximum limits for physical conditions and concentrations of chemical substances beyond which no members of a particular species can survive.
282621792TranspirationProcess in which water is absorbed by the root systems of plants, moves up through the plants, passes through pores in their leaves or other parts, and evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor.
282621793trophic levelall organisms that are the same number of energy transfers away from the original source of energy that enter an ecosystem. 1st level= all producers 2nd level= all herbivores
282621794Symbiotic relationshipsnecessary for the survival of at least one of the organisms involved; associations in which one organism lives on another or where one partner lives inside the other.
282621795Keystone speciescontrol interactions in a community (species and numbers). Regulates what happens and if this species is lost the whole population changes.
282621796Foundation speciescontrol/create habitat. Elephants knock down tress to make a habitat.
282621797Indicator speciesbright species, 1st to disappear/damage (Bees)
282621798Non-native speciesOriginally come from outside, migrate or introduced
282621799Native speciesOriginal, always been there
282621800Generalists speciesBroad niches
282621801Specialists speciesnarrow niches
282621802Predatorkills others
282621803efficiencies of an average coal-fired power plant30-35% =efficiency of coal
282621804What is CITES?-Convention on International trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora an international agreement between the government aim control international trade of wild animals to make sure it doesn't endanger the it works
282621805CITES Appendix 1Animals close to extinction. nearly all trade of these animals is illegal (pandas)
282621806CITES Appendix 2Includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but locally rare.
282621807Migratory Bird Act of 1918USA entered into agreements with 4 other nations(Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Russia)This law makes it illegal to hunt, kill, sell birds that are migratory Can't take any of the bird's feathers or nests
282621808Lacey Act of 1900US law prohibits the transport of illegally captured animals across state lines -1st federal law protecting wildlife today its expanded to prevent the import of nonnatives
282621809Habitat FragmentationHappens when one large continuous area of habitat is reduced in area and ,  species into smaller/isolated groups that divided into smaller more scattered, and isolated. This leads to diversity because it divides.
282621810Biogeographyis the study of the distribution of species. Spatially and temporarily.
282621811Island geography-large islands= more species and -further away from main land= less diverse
282621812Intrinsic valuesaesthetics, see wildlife
282621813Extrinsic valuessell/calculate ($)
282621814What characteristics make species prone to extinction?-low reproductive rate (k)- specialized niche -narrow distribution- feeds at high trophic level -fixed migratory patterns-rare -commercially valuable-large territories
282621815.Local extinctionwhen a species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world.
282621816Ecological ExtinctionWhen so few members of a species are let that it can no longer play its ecological role in the biological communities where it is found.
282621817Background Extinctionnormal extinction of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions
282621818Mass ExtinctionA catastrophic, widespread often global event in which major groups of species are wiped out over a short time compared with normal (background extinction).
282621819Biological evolution depends onMust have enough genetic VARIABILITY for a trait to exist; The trait must be HERITABLE; Trait must lead to DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION. It must enable individuals with the trait to leave more offspring than other members of the population.
282621820Doubling time formula.Td= 70/ r (in percentage)
282621821MantleZone of the earth's interior between its core and its crust. most of it is solid rock Iron & Nickel - under its rigid outer part is the Asthenosphere - hot, partly melted pliable rock that flows and can be deformed like sot plastic
282621822Coreinner zone of the earth. -extremely hot Hot iron radioactive - solid inner core liquid outer core
282621823LithosphereOuter shell of the earth composed of crust rock and materials - rigid, most outer part of the mantle outside the asthenosphere- or material found in the earth's plates
282621824Where do we use bauxite for?In the development of aluminum  burned or melted -aluminum process= expensive- recycle aluminum saves 98% of energy
282621825Where are methyl anhydrates found?frozen rock found in deep sea - expensive and hard to get
282621826Demographic transitionas countries become economically developed, their birth and death rates tend to decline.
282621827Preindustrial Stage Demographic transitionLittle population growth due to high infant mortality
282621828Transitional Stage Demographic transitionIndustrialization begins, death rate drops and birth rate remains high
282621829Industrial stage Demographic transitionBirth rate drops and approaches death rate
282621830Global warmingWarming of the earth's atmosphere because of increases in the concentrations of one or more greenhouse gases primarily as a result of human activities, melts glaciers, raises ocean levels,
282621831thermal expansion of oceans does what?also raised ocean levels
282621832Greenhouse effectnatural effect that releases heat in the atmosphere (troposphere) near the earth's surface.
282621833Greenhouse ChemicalsWater vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and other gases in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) absorb some of infrared radiation (heat) radiated by the earth's surface.
282621834What processes remove/add CO2 to the earth's atmosphere?Remove CO2 by growing plants, growing trees, dissolving CO2 in water Add burn things, drive cars, breathing
282621835What is overfishing? ?Harvesting so many fish of a species, especially not enough breeding stock is left to replenish the species and it becomes unprofitable to harvest them. -commercial depletion-extinction
282621836Who are the whaling nations?Japan, Iceland, Norway, Greenland, Russia, and more.
282621837IWCInternational whaling commission -an international body set up by the terms of the international convention for regulation of whaling which was signed in DC . Most people in this are largely opposed to the practice of whaling.
282621838How does one explain the fluctuation of CO2 in the atmosphere on a yearly basis? -deforestation-clearing grasslands-burning fossil fuels
282621839What causes the seasons?as earth makes its annual revolution around the sun on an axis tilted about 23.5, various regions are tipped toward or away from the sun. the resulting variations in the amount of solar energy reaching the earth create the seasons in the north and south hemispheres.
282621840Coriollis effectspinning of earth. Air isn't connected to earth so it gets pulled. Because of this effect the earth's rotation deflects the movement of the air over different parts of the earth distributing heat and moisture in the troposphere.
282621841Leachingproves in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and carried to lower layers and, in some cases, to groundwater.
282621842Soil horizionhorizontal zones that make up a particular mature soil. Each horizon has a distinct texture and composition that vary with different types of soil.
282621843O horizonthe top layer, surface litter layer, it consists of freshly fallen undecomposed or partially decomposed leaves, twigs, crop wastes, animal waste, fungi, and other organic materials. Brown or black in color.
282621844A horizontop soil layer, is a porous mixture of the partially decomposed bodies of dead plants/animals called "humus" and inorganic materials such as clay, silt, and sand. Very fertile soil that produces high crop yields.
282621845B/C horizonB(subsoil) and C(parent material) contains most of a soil's inorganic matter, mostly broken down rock consisting of varying mixtures of sand, slit, clay, and gravel much of it transported by water from "a horizon". The "c horizon" lies on a base of unweathered parent material normally bedrock.
282621846Carbon cyclecyclic movement of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment
282621847nitrogen cyclecyclic movement of nitrogen in organisms and back to the environment.
282621848Water cyclecollects, purifies, distributes, and recycles the earth's fixed supply of water. Powered by energy from the sun that evaporates water into the atmosphere that comes back to earth because of gravity.
282621849Sulfur cyclecyclic movement of sulfur in various Chemical forms from the environment to organisms and back to the environment
282621850Rock cyclethe interaction of physical and chemical processes that changes rocks from one type to.another
282621851Rank the following in commercial energy production(high to low)Oil, gas, coal, solar, biomass
282621852carrying capacitythe maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain without degrading the habitat.
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150+ Ways to go APES Flashcards

Vocab terms you need to know to ace the APES exam!

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331062588Ionizing Radiationenough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions; capable of causing cancer; gamma, X-rays, UV
331062590High Quality Energyorganized and concentrated, can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)
331062591Low Quality Energydisorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air, wind, solar)
331062593First Law of Thermodynamicsenergy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another
331062594Second Law of Thermodynamicswhen energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)
331062595Natural radioactive decayunstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha & beta particles
331062597Half lifethe time it takes for ½ the mass of a radioisotope to decay
331062598Approximately 10 half-livesestimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level
336654506Nuclear Fissionnuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons
336654507Nuclear Fusion2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet
336654508Orea rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine
336654509Mineral Reserve vs Organic fertilizerMineral Reserve: identified deposits currently profitable to extract Organic fertilizer: slow acting & long lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed
336696270Best solution to energy shortageconservation and increased efficiency
336696271Surface miningcheaper & can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers
336696272Humusorganic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms
336696273Leachingremoval of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards
336696274Illuviationdeposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B)
336696275Loamperfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, clay
336696276Solutions to soil problemsconservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers
336696277Parts of the hydrologic cycleevaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration
336696278Aquiferany water bearing layer in the ground
336696279Cone of depressionlowering of the water table around a pumping well
336696280ENSOEl Nino Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific
336696281During an El Nino yearN US has mild winters, SW US has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes, trade winds weaken, and warm water is sloshed back to S. America. These decrease upwelling which disrupts food chains.
336696282During a non El Nino yearEasterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America
336696284Nitrogen fixingbecause atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria (rhizobium)
336696285Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as N becauseit does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate rocks
336696286Ammonificationdecomposers covert organic waste into ammonia
336696287Nitrificationammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO-3)
336696288Assimilationinorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins 32. Denitrification: bacteria convert ammonia back into N
336696289Denitrificationbacteria convert ammonia back into N
336696290Sustainabilitythe ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
336696291Because soils contain very little phosphorusit is a major limiting factor for plant growth
336696292Excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems byrunoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewage
336696293Photosynthesisplants convert atmospheric C (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6)
336696294Aerobic respirationoxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2
336706715Largest reservoirs of Ccarbonate rocks first, oceans second
336706716Biotic/abioticliving & nonliving components of an ecosystem
336706717Producer/Autotrophphotosynthetic life
336706718Fecal coliform/Enterococcusindicator of sewage contamination
336706719The major trophic levelsproducers-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer
336706720Energy flow in food websproducers-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer where only 10% of the energy transfers over to the next trophic level
336706721Chlorine(good: disinfection of water) ( bad: forms trihalomethanes)
336706722Primary vs secondary succession1 - development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava) 2 - life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest, fire)
336706723Cogenerationusing waste heat to make electricity
336706724Mutualismsymbiotic relationship where both partners benefit
336706725Commensalismsymbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected
336706726Parasitismrelationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host
336706727Biomelarge distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals
336706728Carrying capacitythe number of individuals that can be sustained in an area
336706729R vs K strategistR - reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring K - reproduce late, few, cared for offspring
336706730Positive feedbackwhen a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (EX: warmer Earth - snow melts - less sunlight is reflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer earth)
336706731Natural selectionorganisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation
336706732Malthussaid human population cannot continue to increase. Consequences will be war, famine & disease
336706733Doubling timerule of 70 (70 divided by the percent growth rate)
336706734Replacement level fertilitythe number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)
336706735World vs US PopulationWorld - 6.98 billion US - 314 million
336706736Preindustrial stagebirth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high
336706737Transitional stagedeath rate lower, better health care, population grows fast
336706738Industrial stagedecline in birth rate, population growth slows
336706739Postindustrial stagelow birth & death rates
336706740Age structure diagrams(broad base, rapid growth) (narrow base, negative growth) (uniform shape, zero growth)
3367067411st & 2nd most populated countriesChina (1.35 billion) & India (1.21 billion)
336706742Most important thing affecting population growthlow status of women
336706743Ways to decrease birth ratefamily planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties
336706744Percent water on earth by type97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater
336706745Salinization of soilin arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind
336706746Ways to conserve water(agriculture: drip/trickle irrigation) (industry: recycling) (home: use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures)
336706747Point vs non point sourcesPoint - from specific location such as pipe Non-point - from over an area such as runoff
336706748BODbiological oxygen demand; amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials
336706749Eutrophicationrapid algal growth caused by an excess of N & P
336706750Hypoxiawhen aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life
336706751Minamata Diseasemental impairments caused by mercury
336706752Primary air pollutantsproduced by humans & nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates)
336706753Secondary pollutantsformed by reaction of primary pollutants
336706754Negative feedbackwhen a change in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (EX: warmer earth - more ocean evaporation - more stratus clouds - less sunlight reaches the ground - therefore cooler Earth)
336706755Particulate matter(source: burning fossil fuels & diesel exhaust) (effect: reduces visibility & respiratory irritation) (reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)
336706756Nitrogen Oxides(Source: auto exhaust) (Effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog & ozone) (Equation for acid formation: NO + O2 = NO2 + H2O = HNO3) (Reduction: catalytic converter)
336706757Sulfur oxides(Source: coal burning) (Effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (Equation for acid formation: SO2 + O2 = SO3 + H2O = H2SO4) (Reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)
336706758Carbon oxides(Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O2, CO2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emission testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit)
336706759Ozone(Formation: secondary pollutant, NO2 + UV = NO + O, O + O2 = O3, with VOCs) (Effects: respiratory irritant, plant damage) (Reduction: reduce NO emissions & VOCs)
336718882Radonradioactive gas, formed from the decay of Uranium, causes lung cancer and is a problem in the Reading Prong
336718883Industrial smogfound in cities that burn large amounts of coal
336718884Photochemical smogformed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC,O2)
336718885Acid depositioncaused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters
336718886Greenhouse gases(Examples: H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFC's) (Effect: they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm
336718887Effects of global warmingrising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, droughts (famine), extinctions
336718888Ozone depletion caused byCFC's, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone
336718889Effects of ozone depletionincreased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth
336718890Love Canal, NYchemicals buried in old canal and school & homes built over it causing birth defects & cancer
336718891Municipal solid waste is mostlypaper and usually dumped in landfills
336718892True cost / External costsharmful environmental side effects that are not reflected in a products price
336718893Sanitary landfill problems and solutions(leachate: liner with collection system) (methane gas: collect gas and burn) (volume of garbage: compact & reduce)
336718894Incineration advantagesvolume of waste reduced by 90% & waste heat can be used
336718895Incineration disadvantagestoxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride—dioxin), scrubbers & electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals)
336718896Best way to solve waste problemreduce the amounts of waste at the source
336718897Keystone speciesspecies whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others, ex sea otter
336718898Indicator speciesspecies that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged ex trout
336718899Endangered specieshave a small range, require large territory or live on an island
336718900In natural ecosystems, 50-90% of pest species are kept under control bypredators, diseases, parasites
336718901Major insecticide groups and examples(chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT) (organophosphates, malathion) (carbamates, aldicarb)
336718902Pesticide prossaves lives from insect transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers
336718903Pesticide consgenetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification
336718904Natural pest controlbetter agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants
336718905Electricity is generated byusing steam (from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear) or falling water to turn a generator
336718906Petroleum forms frommicroscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat & pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons
336718907Pros of petroleumcheap, easily transported, high quality energy
336718908Cons of petroleumreserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, burning makes CO2
336718909Steps in coal formationpeat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
336718910Major parts of a nuclear reactorcore, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building
336718911Most serious nuclear accidents(Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986, Level 7) (Fukushima, Japan, 2011, Level 7) (Kyshtym, Russia, 1957, Level 6) (Lucens, Vaud, Switzerland, 1969, Level 5) (Three Mile Island, PA, USA, 1979, Level 5)
336718912Alternate energy sourceswind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells
336718913LD50the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population
336718914Mutagen, Teratogen, Carcinogencauses hereditary changes, fetus deformities, cancer
336718915Multiple use US public landNational Forest & National Resource lands
336718916Moderately restricted use landNational Wildlife Refuges
336718917Restricted Use landsNational Parks, National Wilderness Preservation System
336718918Examples and cause of endangered speciesNorth spotted Owl (loss of old growth forest), Bald Eagle (thinning of eggs caused by DDT), Piping Plover (nesting areas threatened by development)
336718919LI Exotic speciesgypsy moth, Asian Long Horned Beetle
336718920Garret Hardin & the Tragedy of the CommonsFreedom to breed is bringing ruin to all. Global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none
336718921Volcanoes and Earthquakes occurat plate boundaries (divergent, spreading, mid-ocean ridges) (convergent, trenches) (transform, sliding, San Andreas)
336718922Sources of mercuryburning coal, Compact Fluorescent bulbs
336718923Major source of sulfurburning coal
336718924Threshold dosethe maximum dose that has no measurable effect
336718925Survivorship Curves[Type I: low mortality at birth, survive to old age, and then die (humans, annual plants)], [Type II: uniform death rates, subject to predation (insects, birds)], [Type III: high mortality at birth but long lifespan otherwise (turtles, trees)]
336725139Density dependent vs. density-independent factorsDD - competition, parasitism, predation DI - fires, floods, extreme cold
336725140Biotic potentialmaximum amount of offspring a species can have
336725141Effects of Global Warmingbleaching of coral reefs, animals and plants forced out of their current range, melting glaciers, rising sea level, droughts, spread of infectious diseases and more extreme weather conditions
336725143Exotic species are often also invasive species becausethey often can grow at an uncontrolled rate because they have no natural predators, disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and have no competition because they kill off many natural inhabitants
336725144Clear cutting is bad becauseit increases soil erosion dramatically, increases nitrate runoff into water bodies, makes it hard for an area to recover, leaves animals no place to live and can lead to extinctions
336725145Selective Cuttingharvesting only mature trees of certain species and size. More expensive but less disruptive to wildlife than clear cutting
336725146Utilitarianismthe belief that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time
336725147Conservationthe management of a resource to make certain it produces the greatest benefit to humans in the future
336725148Preservationthe concept that the land should be kept in its natural state - never touched or developed
336725149NIMBYNot In My BackYard. Public protests cause wastes and other pollutants to be dumped in someone else's backyard. Mostly hurts the poor who cannot pay for representation to fight against potential pollution
336725150Range of Toleranceminimum and maximum levels of conditions in which organisms can survive
3367251511.5 billion vs 3 billion people1.5B - lack access to clean drinking water 3B - lack good sanitation
33672515275% of water pollution in the US come fromsoil erosion, atmospheric deposition and surface run off
33672515395% of water pollution in developing countries come fromraw sewage (high population growth without the money for treatment plants)
336725154How much pesticide the US uses77% of all pesticides used in world
336725155Troposphere vs. Stratospheretroposphere contains weather and stratosphere contains the ozone
336725156The atmosphere contains78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and a small amount of argon, carbon dioxide, water, salt and dust
336725157Weather movesfrom west to east across America and winds are named for the direction they come from
336725158Bioaccumulationthe selective absorption and storage of a great variety of molecules
336725159Biomagnificationa continued increase in the concentration of pollutants in higher levels of a food chain
336725160Acute effectscaused by a single exposure to a toxin and results in an immediate health crisis of some sort
336725161Chronic effectslong lasting and can result from a single exposure of a very toxic substance or a continuous exposure to the toxin
336725162Salt water intrusionthe movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas where groundwater is withdrawn faster than it's replenished
336725163Watershedland surface and groundwater aquifers drained by a particular river system
336725164Forests cover32% of the land surface, 11% is used for crops and 26% is range and pasture
33672516599% of all the species that ever existedare now extinct but the average rate of extinction was one species per decade
336725166Humans have caused extinction ratesof hundreds to thousands of species per YEAR. If these trends continue, 1/3 to 2/3 of all current species will be lost by the year 2050
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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 8 Flashcards

An Introduction to Metabolism

Terms : Hide Images
546177564metabolisman emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules.
546177565metabolic pathwaybegins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
546177566catabolic pathwaymetabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
546177567anabolic pathwayconsume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
546177568bioenergeticsthe study of how energy flows through living organisms
546177569energyThe ability to do work or cause change
546177570kinetic energyenergy of motion
546177571thermal energythe total amount of energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules in a sample of matter
546177572potential energyThe energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure
546177573chemical energypotential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
546177574thermodynamicsstudy of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
546177575first lawenergy is never created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
546177576second lawenergy will spontaneously flow in a direction in which entropy of the universe increases. Change in entropy of the universe is always > 0.
546177577entropya measure of the randomness or disorder of a system
546177578spontaneous processa process that can occur without an input of energy
546177579free energyThe portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system.
546177580exergonic reactionA spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
546177581endergonic reactionA non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
546177582energy couplingThe use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
546177583ATPAn adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
546177584phosphorylated intermediateA molecule with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive that the unphosphorylated molecule.
546177585activation energythe minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
546177586enzymeA protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
546177587catalystsubstance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
546177588substratereactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
546177589enzyme substrate complexa temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecules
546177590active siteThe specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
546177591induced fitThe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.
546177592competitive inhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
546177593cofactora substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result
546177594coenzymeAn organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions
546177595noncompetitive inhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
546177596allosteric regulationThe binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.
546177597feedback inhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
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American Imperialism/WWI Flashcards

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564491850ImperialismStronger nations establishing control militarily and economically over weaker nations
564491851What were the causes of WWIMilitarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism M.A.I.N acronym
564491852IsolationismPolicy of avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries
564491853Yellow JournalismJournalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
564491854Queen Liliuokalanithe Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests in sugar industry
564491855Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
564491856Theodore Rooseveltleader of the Rough Riders who later became president
564491857Spanish-American WarIn 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
564491858What countries made up the Triple Entente?France, Great Britain, and Russia
564491859What countries were part of the Triple Alliance?Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
564491860What name did the Triple Entente become?Allied Powers
564491861What name did the Triple Alliance become?Central Powers
564491862Cultural SuperiorityThe belief that a set of cultural practices is better than a different one. US spreading democracy and Christian values onto other nations
564491863Monroe Doctrineforeign policy which stated Europe should stay out of affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere
564491864Panama CanalA human-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, built in Panama by the United States and opened in 1914
564491865AlliancesAgreements between nations to aid and protect one another.
564491866MilitarismA policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
564491867Nationalisma strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
564491868Why did the US join WWI?Uboats/submarine warfare sunk American ships; blocking shipping effected our economy and profits threatened; Zimmerman Telegram
564491869U-boatsGerman submarines
564491870Zimmerman TelegramA telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.
564491871What were new weapons used in WWI?Machine guns; barbed wire, tanks, gas/chemical warfare, flame thrower, long range artillary
564491872What was it like to be a soldier in the trenches?wet and constant rain, worried about foot diseases, limited food, cold, rats, muddy, tired, heavy gear, fear, death
564491873Which peace plan was used?Treaty of Versailles
564491874Treaty of VersaillesTreaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.
56449187514 pointsWoodrow Wilson's plan for peace after WWI. Included rebuilding Europe and a controversial "League of Nations" to settle further world conflict.
564491876What is an example of imperialism?When the United States helped Hawaiian planters overthrow their queen and join the U.S.
564491877How is the United States in WWI related to the term "isolationism"?United States wanted to remain neutral. They did not want to be involved in WWI.
564491878Rough Ridersvolunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
564491879Platt Amendmentgave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs anytime there was a threat to life, property, and individual liberty
564491880Trench WarfareWW1 military strategy of defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches
564491881Convoy systemProtection of merchant ships from U-boat attacks by having ships travel in large groups escorted by warships.
564491882open door policyA policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
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US Ch.7 and 9 Jackson Age/Manifest Destiny Flashcards

US History Chapters 11-12 Jackson Age/Manifest Destiny.

Terms : Hide Images
463699145suffragethe right to vote
463699146spoils systempractice of handing out government jobs to supporters; replacing government employees with the winning candidate's supporters.
463699147tariffa tax on imports or exports
463699148nullifyto cancel or make ineffective
463699149secedeto leave or withdraw
463699150relocateto force a person or group of people to move
463699151guerrilla tacticsreferring to surprise attacks or raids rather than organized warfare
463699152vetoto reject a bill and prevent it from becoming a law
463699153laissez-fairepolicy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy
463699154log cabin campaignname given to William Henry Harrison's campaign for the presidency in 1840, from the Whigs' use of a log cabin as their symbol
463699155joint occupationthe possession and settling of an area shared by two or more countries
463699156emigranta person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere
463699157Manifest DestinyNotion that America was destined by God to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific. Drew upon Thomas Jefferson's vision of an expansive "empire of liberty". Used as a rationale for expansionist foreign policy
463699158prairie schooners or Conestoga WagonsLarge covered wagons used on the Oregon Trail
463699159Monroe DoctrineA statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
463699160Nullification ActJohn C. Calhoun declared states had a right to nullify. South Carolina declared Nullification Act, stating both tariffs were unconstitutional and therefore illegal.
463699161Indian Removal ActAuthorized the president to pursue ownership of all Indian land east of the Mississippi River. Said Indians would be compensated with new land west of the Mississippi River
463699162Trial of TearsCherokees were force marched westward to present-day Oklahoma. The path they followed would later be named the Trail of Tears
463699163Adams-Onis TreatyU.S. purchased Florida but gave up claims to Texas. Giving up Texas made many southerners angry at Secretary of State John Q. Adams
463699164Oregon Trialan almost 2,000 mile-long trial leading from Missouri to Oregon; stretched over wild country and hazardous mountains
463699165Mexican-American WarGeneral Zachary Taylor led Americans to Rio Grande, in disputed territory on Mexico-Texas border. Skirmish between Mexican and American troops led to full-blown war. U.S. forces led by Winfield Scott landed at Veracruz, marched inland to capture Mexican capital. Forced Mexicans to accept peace treaty that ceded American Southwest to U.S.
463699166Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoOfficially ended Mexican-American War. U.S. annexed California, Arizona, New Mexico, other areas in Southwest. Mexico lost 55% of its territory
463699167Gadsden PurchaseStrip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million.
463699168Andrew JacksonElected 7th president of the U.S., 1828. Served in the American Revolution, the Creek War of 1813-14, and was a major general in the War of 1812. Remembered as a great hero for leading American forces to victory in the Battle of New Orleans during the final days of the War of 1812. As president, organized relocation of some 90,000 Indians from the East to territories west of the Mississippi River. Strengthened the Union by rejecting South Carolina's attempt to nullify federal laws. Destroyed the Bank of the United States
463699169Daniel WebsterUnited States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency
463699170Winfield ScottUnited States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)
463699171Black HawkThe leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma.
463699172OsceolaLed a band of Seminoles that hid in the Everglades and used guerrilla tactics to defeat the U.S Army., Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s.
463699173Henry ClayAmerican senator and statesman, leader of Whig Party. Commonly referred to as the "Great Compromiser". Shaped Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850. Opposed annexation of Texas at first, then compromised position for political reasons
463699174Martin Van BurenPresident Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State from 1829 to 1831. As Secretary of State, was President Jackson's most trusted and loyal adviser. Vice president from 1833 to 1837. With Jackson's support, became 8th president of the U.S., 1837.
463699175WhigsAmerican political party, founded to oppose Jacksonian Democrats in 1830s. Believed in economic improvement and domination of legislative branch. Torn apart by questions over expansion of slavery
463699176William Henry Harrison9th president. Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig's presidential candidate for 1840. Proven vote getter. Military hero who expressed few opinions on national issues and had not political record to defend.
463699177John Tylerelected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery
463699178James PolkDemocratic president of the United States, 1845-49. Oversaw Mexican-American War and largest expansion of U.S. territory since Louisiana Purchase
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