| 506579777 | cell respiration | the breakdown of food in the cell | |
| 506579778 | aerobic | ____________ respiration uses oxygen | |
| 506579779 | anaerobic | ___________ respiration does not use oxygen | |
| 506579780 | C | Humans go through:
A) Aerobic Respiration
B) Anaerobic Respiration
C) Both
D) Neither | |
| 506579781 | oxidation | Loss of electrons (and protons) = ______________ | |
| 506579782 | reduction | Gain of electrons (and protons) = ______________ | |
| 506579783 | False | True or False:
During oxidation and reduction, electrons are the only subatomic particle being transferred. | |
| 506579784 | oxidizing | A compound that receives electrons is called a(n) _____________ agent. | |
| 506579785 | reducing | A compound that donates electrons is called a(n) _____________ agent. | |
| 506579786 | electronegativity | Oxygen is a great oxidizing agent because it has a very high ______________. | |
| 506579787 | electronegativity | The tendency for an atom to attract electrons | |
| 506579788 | 38 | Ultimately, 1 glucose molecule is good for the MAXIMUM production of ____ ATP molecules. | |
| 506579789 | Nicotinahide Adenine Dinucleotide | NAD = ____________ ____________ _____________ | |
| 506579790 | carrier | NAD⁺ is an electron (donor / carrier). | |
| 506579791 | high | NAD⁺ molecules oftentimes have a very (high / low) level of potential energy. | |
| 506579792 | mitochondria | If ______________ are present in a cell, then NAD⁺ molecules can aid in the production of a tremendous amount of ATP. | |
| 506579793 | NAD⁺ | Oxidized NAD = ______ | |
| 506579794 | NADH | Reduced NAD = _______ | |
| 506579795 | cytoplasm | Glycolysis occurs in the ____________ of a cell. | |
| 506579796 | anaerobic | Glycolysis is a(n) _____________ process. | |
| 506579797 | 4 | Gross ATP production of glycolysis = __ ATP | |
| 506579798 | 2 | Net ATP production of glycolysis = ___ ATP | |
| 506579799 | 2 | ___ ATP molecules are needed to initiate glycolysis. | |
| 506637988 | CO₂ water | Raw materials for photosynthesis | |
| 506637989 | CO₂ water | Main waste products of respiration | |
| 506637990 | aerobic respiration | Most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for respiration | |
| 506637991 | exergonic | The breakdown of glucose is (endergonic / exergonic). | |
| 506637992 | redox | Reactions that involve electron transfer = ________ reactions | |
| 506637993 | loses | An electron (loses / gains) potential energy when it moves to a more electronegative atom. | |
| 506637994 | hydrogen | Organic molecules with an abundance of __________ generally make great fuels. | |
| 506637995 | False | True or False:
Body temperature in humans is high enough to immediately initiate the burning of food | |
| 506637996 | True | True or False:
It is most efficient to gradually harness energy from a source rather than harness it quickly | |
| 506637997 | coenzyme | NAD⁺ is a ____________. | |
| 506637998 | very little | Electrons lose (very little / a lot) of their potential energy once they are transferred from glucose to NAD⁺. | |
| 506637999 | inner membrane mitochondria | In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain takes place in the _________ ___________ of _____________. | |
| 506638000 | plasma membrane | In prokaryotic cells, the electron transport chain takes place in the ___________ ___________. | |
| 506638001 | Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation | Respiration is a cumulative function of 3 metabolic stages:
_______________
___________ __________
____________ __________________ | |
| 506638002 | mitochondrial matrix | The citric acid cycle takes place in the _____________ ____________ of eukaryotic cells. | |
| 506638003 | cytosol | The citric acid cycle takes place in the _____________ of prokaryotic cells. | |
| 506638004 | electron transport chain chemiosmosis | The 2 processes that constitute oxidative phosphorylation are:
___________ ___________ __________
_____________ | |
| 506638005 | oxidative phosphorylation | 90% of the ATP produced during respiration happens during ______________ _____________. | |
| 506638006 | substrate level phosphorylation | ATP produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle occur via a mechanism called ____________-__________ ___________. | |
| 525000859 | kinase | Type of enzyme involved in phosphorylation | |
| 525000860 | isomerase | Type of enzyme involved in structural change | |
| 525000861 | 2Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H⁺ + 4ATP | Complete the following equation for glycolysis:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 2ATP + 2NAD⁺ → | |
| 525000862 | False | True or False:
After a glucose molecule has undergone glycolysis, the 2 produced pyruvate molecules immediately enter into the Krebs Cycle. | |
| 525000863 | Acetyl CoA + NADH + H⁺ + CO₂ | Complete the following equation for the acetylation reaction:
Pyruvate + NAD⁺ → | |
| 525030263 | 1 | One turn of the Krebs Cycle does work on ___ pyruvate(s). | |
| 525030264 | 3 NADH 1 ATP 1 FADH₂ 2 CO₂ | One turn of the Krebs Cycle produces:
____ _________, _____ _________, ___ _________
(& ____ __________ as a waste product) | |
| 525030265 | matrix mitochondrion | The acetylation reaction occurs in the _________ of the ____________. | |
| 525030266 | oxidized NAD⁺ | During the electron transport chain NADH is ____________ to form ______. | |
| 525030267 | glucose | The protons and electrons that reduce NAD⁺ and FAD during respiration originally come from ____________. | |
| 525030268 | protons | During the electron transport chain, __________ is/are pumped into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion. | |
| 525030269 | decrease | An increase in the amount of protons within a certain area will (increase / decrease) pH. | |
| 525030270 | increase | A decrease in the amount of protons within a certain area will (increase / decrease) pH. | |
| 525030271 | decreases | As the electron transport chain progresses, the pH of the inter-membrane space (increases / decreases). | |
| 525030272 | ATP Synthase | Enzyme responsible for the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation | |
| 525030273 | oxygen | After an electron has passed through the final component of the ETC, it will join to the final electron acceptor, __________. | |
| 527236278 | True | True or False:
Glycolysis releases less than a quarter of the chemical energy stored in a glucose molecule. | |
| 527236279 | active | After pyruvate is produced during glycolysis, it is transferred to the mitochondria via (active / passive) transport. | |
| 527236280 | False | True or False:
CO₂ is released as a by-product of glycolysis. | |
| 527505368 | several thousand | For every mitochondrion, there is/are (one / several thousand) electron transport chains. | |
| 527505369 | proteins | Most components of the ETC are _________. | |
| 527505370 | prosthetic groups | Nonprotein portions of the ETC crucial in the catalytic functions of certain enzymes | |
| 527505371 | False | True or False:
Electron carriers during the ETC are always being oxidized. | |
| 528119337 | ADP inorganic phosphate | ATP Synthase makes ATP from ______ and ____________ ____________. | |
| 528119338 | chemiosmosis | Process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP | |
| 528119339 | stator | ATP Synthase channel through which H⁺ enters/exits | |
| 528119340 | rotor | Part of ATP Synthase; H⁺ enters, part spins as a result of change in shape | |
| 528119341 | 1 | An H⁺ ion goes through ___ full spin(s) in ATP Synthase. | |
| 528119342 | rod | Part of ATP Synthase that connects rotor to knob | |
| 528119343 | knob | Stationary portion of ATP Synthesis that contains sites for ATP production | |
| 528119344 | proton motive force | H⁺ gradient during chemiosmosis is referred to as a _________-_________ _________ | |
| 528119345 | 3 | An NADH molecule can ultimately help produce a maximum of ___ ATP molecules. | |
| 528119346 | 2 | An FADH₂ molecule can ultimately help produce a maximum of __ ATP molecules | |
| 528145353 | 40 | Humans put ___% of glucose's chemical potential energy towards ATP Synthesis (more efficient than the 25% cars have w/ relation to gasoline) | |
| 535769803 | respiratory | Other name for electron transport chain (**__________ chain) | |
| 535769804 | True | True or False:
In some organisms, oxygen is not the final electron acceptor. | |
| 535769805 | hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) | For organisms with a sulfate ion as the final proton acceptor, _________ ____________ is a waste product. | |
| 535769806 | True | True or False:
Glycolysis produces a net of 2 ATP in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. | |
| 535769807 | NADH Pyruvate | During fermentation, _______ becomes oxidized and ___________ becomes reduced. | |
| 535769808 | acetaldehyde ethanol | During alcohol fermentation, pyruvate becomes _____________ and then is reduced by NADH to form ___________. | |
| 535769809 | directly NADH | During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced (directly / indirectly) by _________. | |
| 535769810 | True | True or False:
CO₂ is released during alcohol fermentation. | |
| 535769811 | False | True or False:
CO₂ is released during lactic acid fermentation. | |
| 535769812 | liver pyruvate | Lactate, after fermentation, is sent to the ________ where it is converted to ____________. | |
| 535769813 | Obligate anaerobes | ___________ ______________ only carry out anaerobic respiration; in fact, they cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. | |
| 535769814 | facultative anaerobes | Organisms that can make enough ATP survive via aerobic or anaerobic pathways are called ____________ _____________. | |
| 535769815 | True | True or False:
Some humans cells (e.g. muscle cells) are facultative anaerobes. | |
| 535769816 | True | True or False:
Some cell types (e.g. cells of the vertebrae brain) can only undergo aerobic respiration. | |
| 535769817 | True | True or False:
Fossils indicate that glycolysis predates aerobic respiration. | |
| 539803783 | crista | Other name for inner membrane of mitochondrion | |
| 539803784 | negative | The overall free energy change in the electron transport chain is (positive / negative). | |
| 539803785 | 4 | There are ___ main groups in the electron transport chain. | |
| 539803786 | top | NADH puts its electrons into the ETC at the very (top / bottom), making for the most potential energy to make ATP. | |
| 539803787 | 0 | How many ATP molecules are produced by fermentation? (Use digit) | |
| 539803788 | middle | FADH₂ enters the ETC at the (very top / middle / very bottom). | |
| 539803789 | False | True or False:
Component 1 of the ETC is more electronegative than component 3. | |
| 539803790 | electronegative | As the ETC progresses, each component becomes increasingly ___________. | |
| 539803791 | cyanide | Poison that blocks the electron transport chain and therefore ATP production | |
| 539803792 | lactate fermentation | In humans, ___________ ____________ is best described as a way to replenish NAD⁺. | |
| 539803793 | oxygen NAD⁺ | Fermentation happens during periods of increased physical activity (i.e. exercise) because there is a deficiency in ___________ which creates a deficiency in _________. | |
| 539803794 | True | True or False:
It takes ATP to move pyruvate into the mitochondrion. | |
| 539803795 | electrons | NAD cannot actually enter into the mitochondrion; only its ____________ enter. | |
| 539803796 | oxygen | As more and more glucose molecules are oxidized (exercise), more _________ is needed. | |
| 539803797 | backup NAD⁺ | If there is not enough oxygen in a system, a "_________" of NADH molecules is created; a shortage of essential _______ occurs. | |
| 539803798 | fermentation | Method of dealing with NAD⁺ shortage
(*______________) | |
| 539803799 | lactate proteins | Contrary to popular belief, muscle soreness does not come from __________. It comes from the breakdown of __________ in muscle cells. | |
| 539803800 | False | True or False:
As an alternative pathway to oxidative phosphorylation, all organisms go through lactate fermentation. | |
| 539803801 | lactate fermentation | Some bacteria go through _________ ___________; the products of this reaction helps make commercial products like yogurt. | |
| 539803802 | alcohol fermentation | Simplest / oldest enzymatic reaction studied by man | |
| 539803803 | CO₂ acetaldehyde | First step in alcohol fermentation:
A _____ molecule is cleaved off from pyruvate to produce ______________. | |
| 539803804 | acetaldehyde ethanol | NAD is oxidized during alcohol fermentation as ______________ is reduced to become ____________. | |
| 539803805 | water CO₂ | About 40% of Asians lack enzymes to make _________ / __________ from acetaldehyde and subsequently turn all red when they drink alcohol. | |
| 539803806 | the atmosphere | 0₂ in the mitochondrion that acts as the final electron acceptor comes from (elsewhere within the cell / the atmosphere). | |
| 539803807 | substrate level phosphorylation | Even if the electron transport chain ceases, _____________-___________ ________________ will still exists as a method to make ATP. | |
| 539803808 | True | True or False:
Fat is a better electron donor than sugar is. | |
| 539803809 | faster | During fermentation, glucose is consumed at a (faster / slower) rate. | |
| 539803810 | facultative | Anaerobes that can survive in the process of oxygen: _____________. | |
| 539803811 | obligate | Anaerobes that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen: _____________. | |
| 539803812 | botulism | Classic example of obligate anaerobe = _____________ bacteria | |
| 539803813 | 3 4 | __ or __ protons are needed to make one ATP molecule | |
| 539803814 | 10 | One NADH molecule helps to pump about _____ protons into the inter-membrane space. | |
| 539803815 | prosthetic group | Non-protein part of molecule in the ETC:
_________ _________ | |
| 539803816 | hemoglobin | Cytochromes (components of the ETC) have metals in them; notably, they are similar to ____________. | |
| 539803817 | produce releases | Respiration does not _________ energy, it _____________ it from stored sources. | |
| 539823492 | electron shuttles | Subatomic particles from NADH move into mitochondria with the help of __________ ___________ that span the mitochondrial membranes. | |
