Terms : Hide Images
| 607701431 | Bioenergetics | the study of how organisms manage their energy resources | |
| 607701432 | metabolism | the sum of an organism's chemical reactions -the chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways and these pathways alter molecules (catabolic/anabolic) | |
| 607701433 | catabolic | release energy stored in complex molecules by breaking htem down into simpler ex: cell respiration | |
| 607701434 | anabolic | requires/consumes energy to combine simpler molecules into more complicated ex: protein synthesis from amino acids, photosynthesis | |
| 607701435 | energy | the capacity to cause change and is measured in Joules, calories | |
| 607701436 | thermodynamics | study of energy transformations law 1: energy can't be created or destroyed by is transferred and transformed between matter law 2: energy transfor causes more disorder in the universe (entropy) | |
| 607701437 | entropy | a quantity used as a measurement of heat (kinetic energy) | |
| 607701438 | free energy | the portion of a system's energy that is able to perform work (available energy) G - measure of instability of system - more free energy, more unstable | |
| 607701439 | enthalpy | total energy | |
| 607701440 | ATP | structure in a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, chain of 3 phosphate groups (adenosine triphosphate) | |
| 607701441 | energy coupling | using exergonic processes to power endergonic | |
| 607701442 | phosphorylated | a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to some other molecule in order to make the second molecule less stable (ADP) | |
| 607701443 | enzyme | a protein catalyst that changes the reaction rate without being consumed by the reaction, allows substrate to reach transition state and provides environment so substrate can change -lowers activation energy so speeds up reaction | |
| 607701444 | substrate | an enzyme's reactant that fits into the active site | |
| 607701445 | active site | the pocket on the enzyme's surface that is complimentary shaped for the substartae so the substrate can attach through weak chemical bonds (tertiary structure) | |
| 607701446 | induced fit | confirmational change in shape, enzyme molds around substrate like a handshake | |
| 607701447 | cofactors | inorganic element (ex: iron, mg in polymerase, trace elements) small elements that bind permanently or reversibly with enzymes and are needed for enzyme catalytic function and structure | |
| 607701448 | coenzymes | large, organic, used to make most vitamins | |
| 607701449 | competitive inhibitors | compete with the substrate for the last active site (ex: hemoglobin and carbon monoxide) | |
| 607701450 | noncompetitive inhibitors | bind to another part of the enzyme and change its formation ex: flea medication and disables ability to make chitin/exoskeleton | |
| 607701451 | allosteric regulation | binding to a site separate from the active site and either inhibit or activate the enzyme | |
| 607701452 | cooperativity | how the induced fit binding of a substrate and a subunit change the conformation so the subunit's active sites are more active | |
| 607701453 | macromolecules | giant molecules formed from smaller molecules usually by condensation reaction (carboyhydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) | |
| 607701454 | polymer | long molecule made up of many covalent bonds holding together similar or identical building blocks or monomers | |
| 607701455 | monosaccharides | sugar monomers (glucose, fructose) | |
| 607701456 | disaccharide | sugar dimers -sucrose (glu+fru) -maltose (glu+glu) -lactose (glu+gala) | |
| 607701457 | glycosidic linkage | is a covalent bond with 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction (ex: to glucose molecules to form maltose) | |
| 607701458 | polysaccharide | carbohydrate polymers (starch) amylose, glycogen, cellulose, chitin | |
| 607701459 | Lipids | have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (triglyceride, fatty acids, phospholipid, steroid) | |
| 607701460 | amino acid | organic molecule with carboxyl and amino groups and a variable (R) group | |
| 607701461 | primary structure | order of amino acids determined by genetic info | |
| 607701462 | secondary structure | alpha helix - coil by hydrogen bonding beta pleated sheet - core of globular proteins | |
| 607701463 | tertiary structure | overall polypeptide shape from R group interactiosn, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges | |
| 607701464 | quaternary structure | protein structure from polypeptide subunits | |
| 607701465 | antiparallel | DNA strands because the opposite sugar phosphate arrangement in the double helix and the strands are parallel with one going 5' 3' and the other 3' 5' | |
| 607701466 | anaerobic | partial degredation of sugars in the absence of oxygen (early bacteria) ex: fermentation | |
| 607701467 | aerobic | uses oxygen as a reactant to complete the breakdwon of organic molecules ex: cell respiration | |
| 607701468 | redox reactions | reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another (OIL RIG) - loss of electrons is oxidation, electron recipient is oxidizing agent - addition of electrons is reduction, and electron donor is reducing agent cell respiration example of redox reaction | |
| 607701469 | glycolysis | breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate occurs in cytosol | |
| 607701470 | Krebs/ citric acid cycle | degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide occurs in mitochondrial matrix | |
| 607701471 | electron transport chain | the e- movement from cytochrom to another until they combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water in inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae) | |
| 607701472 | oxidative phosphorylation | production of ATP using energy derived from redox reactions of an ETS, whre electrons are passed to inner membrane of mitochondria ETS produces almost 90% of ATP | |
| 607701473 | substrate-level phosphorylation | enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule (substrate) to ADP forming ATP -occurs in glycolysis and krebs | |
| 607701474 | stroma | opening so CO2 can go into the leaves and O2 can go out and water leaks out (transpiration) fewer stroma in cactus |
