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AP Biology Chapter 14 Flashcards

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577162350CharacterAn observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals.
577162352TraitOne of the two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.
577162355True BreedingReferring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.
577162357HybridizationIn genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
577162359P GenerationsThe true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental."
577162362F1 GenerationsThe first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P Generation) cross.
577162365F2 GenerationThe offspring resulting from interbreeding (of self pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation.
577162366AllelesAny of the alternative versions of a gene tha tmay produce distinguishable phenotype effects.
577162367Dominant AlleleAn allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
577162368Recessive AlleleAn allele whose phenotype effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
577162369Law of SegregationMendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation.
577162370Punnett SquareA diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotype results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.
577162371HomozygousHaving two identical alleles for a given gene.
577162372HeterozygousHaving two different alleles for a given gene.
577162373PhenotypeThe observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
577162374GenotypeThe genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
577162375TestcrossBreeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotype in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.
577162376MonohybridsAn organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids.
577162377Monohybrid CrossA cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed.
577162378DihybridsAn organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids.
577162379Dihybrid CrossA cross between two organims that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed.
577162380Law of Independent AssortmentMendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation.
577162381Multiplication RuleA rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities.
577162382Addition RuleA rule of probability stating that the probability of any one or two more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding individual probabilities.
577162383Complete DominanceThe situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
577162384Incomplete DominanceThe situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotype of individuals homozygous for either allele.
577162385CodominanceThe situation in which the phenotype of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
577162386Tay-Sachs DiseaseA human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain.
577162387PleiotropyThe ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
577162388EpistasisA type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.
577162389Quantitative CharactersA heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.
577162390Polygenic InheritanceAn additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype character.
577162391Norm of ReactionThe range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
577162392MultifactorialReferring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
577162393PedigreeA diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.
577162394CarriersIn genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inheritable disorder.
577162395Cystic FibrosisA human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucous and consequent vulnerability to infection.
577162396Sickle-Cell DiseaseA recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change int the B-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms to afflicted individuals.
577162397Huntington's DiseaseA human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system.
577162398AmniocentesisA technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
577162399Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for a analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
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Quarter 2 AP Bio Multiple Choice Chapter 14-17 Test Flashcards

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585388186Two characters that appear in a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 generation should have which of the following properties?The genes controlling the characters obey the law of independent assortment.
585388187A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?HT
585388188Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?Anaphase II of meiosis
585388189Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I?Alignment of tetrads at the equator
585388190Given the parents AABBCc x AabbCc, assume simple dominance and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?3/4
585388191Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies. In one type cross of black x black, the results were as follows: 9/16 black, 4/16 yellow, 3/16 brown. The genotype aabb must result in which of the following?Yellow
585388192Fruit flies usually have long wings (+) but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg). If a homozygous bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the following offspring would you expect?All +bt +vg heterozygotes
585388193Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals?TtRr - tall and pink
585388194Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced 22 offspring, 5 of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies?yyBb and yyBb
585388195A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a song who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother?IAi
585388196Which of the following provides an example of epistasis?In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (cc) prevents any fur color from developing.
585388197What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have wooly hair?50%
585388198When a disease is said to have a multifactorial basis, it means thatboth genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease
585388199A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for the allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Of the following, which is the best use of this discovery?To design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele
585388200An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious disorder that is detectable biochemically in fetal cells. The obstetrician would most reasonably offer which of the following procedures to her patient?Amniocentesis
585388201A man with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) is expected to have any of the following EXCEPTincreased testosterone
585388202SRY is best described in which of the following ways?A gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development
585388203In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female?2:1 male to female
585388204A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. How many of their daughters might be expected to be color-blind dwarfs?None
585388205A Barr body is normally found in the nucleus of which kind of human cell?Somatic cells of a female only
585388206Which of the following statements is true?The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them.
585388207In a series of mapping experiments, the recombination frequencies for four different linked genes of Drosophilia were determined as shown in the figure. What is the order of these genes on a chromosome map?b-rb-cn-vg
585388208If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis?1/4 of the gametes will be n+1, one will be n-1, and two will be n.
585925953Which of the following statements describes genomic imprinting?It explains cases in which the gender of the parent from whom an allele is inherited affects the expression of that allele.
585925954Mitochondrial DNA is primarily involved in coding for proteins needed for electron transport. Therefore in which body systems would you expect the most mitochondrial gene mutations to be exhibited?Nervous and muscular systems
585925955A certain kind of snail can have a right-handed direction of shell coiling (D) or left handed coiling (d). If the direction of coiling is due to a protein deposited by the mother in the egg cytoplasm, then a Dd egg-producing snail and a dd sperm-producing snail will have offspring of which genotype(s) and phenotype(s)?1/2 Dd: 1/2 dd; all right coiling
585925956In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe?Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.
585925957For a science fair project, two students decided to repeat the Hershey and Chase experiment, with modifications. They decided to label the nitrogen of the DNA, rather than the phosphate. They reasoned that each nucleotide has only one phosphate and two to five nitrogens. Thus, labeling the nitrogens would provide a stronger signal than labeling the phosphates. Why won't this experiment work?Amino acids (and thus proteins) also have nitrogen atoms; thus, the radioactivity would not distinguish between DNA and proteins.
585925958Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of these reasons?Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many.
586858163An Okazaki fragment has which of the following arrangements?5' RNA molecules, DNA nucleotides 3'
586858164To repair a thymine dimmer by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the necessary enzymes act?endonuclease, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase
586858165The leading and the lagging strands differ in thatthe leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction
586858166What is the function of topoisomerase?relieving strain in the DNA ahead of the replication fork
586858167Which would you expect of a eukaryotic cell lacking telomerase?a reduction in chromosome length
586858168Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell becauseRNA acts as an expandable copy of the genetic material
586858169A peptide has the sequence NH2-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding strand of the DNA could code for this peptide?5' TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC
586858170Which of the following is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to begin transcription
586858171A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which might this illustrate?Any mutation in the sequence is selected against
586858172Introns are significant to biological evolution becausetheir presence allows exons to be shuffled
586858173Alternative RNA splicingcan allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA
586858174In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly(A) tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?The molecule is digested by exonucleases since it is no longer protected at the 5' end.
586858175Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in theboth C and D C) attachment of amino acids to tRNAs D) bonding of the anticodon to the codon
586858176A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being ready by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The following charged transfer RNA molecules (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form. The dipeptide that will form will beproline-threonine
586858177A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl synthetase that attaches to a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of phenylalanine. The consequence of this for the cell will be thatproteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU.
586858178Choose the answer that has these events of protein synthesis in the proper sequence.A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA, an aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the A site, a peptide bond forms between the new amino acid and a polypeptide chain, tRNA translocates to the P site, tRNA leaves the P site, and the P site remains vacant
586858179When does translation begin in prokaryotic cells?as soon as transcription has begun
586858180Why might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the level of a protein's activity?It might substitute an amino acid in the active site.
586858181What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.
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AP Bio Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Flashcards

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558109629hereditythe transmission of traits from one generation to the next
558109630variationoffspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and siblings
558109631geneticsthe study of heredity and heredity variation
558109632genesparents endow their offspring with this coded information in the form of heredity units
558109633gametesthese reproductive cells are the vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next. unite and pass on during fertilization
558109634locusa gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome
558109635asexual reproductionproduce exact copies of themselves this way. a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring
558109636clonean individual that reproduces asexually creates a group of genetically identical individuals
558109637sexual reproductiontwo parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents. variations on a common theme of family inheritance
558109638karyotypethe picture of chromosomes arranged in pairs, starting with the longest chromosomes
558109639homologous chromosomesthe two chromosomes composing a pair that have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
558109640sex chromosomesX and Y, determine the sex
558109641autosomesnon sex chromosomes
558109642diploid cellcells with two chromosome sets, in humans the total is 46
558109643haploid cellcell with one chromosome set, in humans 23
558109644fertilizationthe union of gametes, the egg and sperm
558109645zygotethe resulting fertilized egg
558109646animal life cyclegametes are only haploid cells. meiosis occurs during the production of gametes, which undergo no further cell division prior to fertilization. the diploid zygote divides by mitosis producing a mulitcellular organism that is diploid
558109647alternation of generationsexhibited by plants and some species of algae. includes both diploid and haploid multicellular stages. multicellular diploid stage is the sporophyte. meiosis in the sporophyte produces the haploid spores which gives rise to a haploid gametophyte
558109648sporophytethe multicellular diploid stage of the alternation of generations. goes through meiosis to produce spores
558109649sporeshaploid cells that give rise to mulitcellular individual without fusing with another cell. divides mitotically to generate a multicellular haploid stage called gametophyte
558109650gametophytehaploid, comes from spores, makes gametes by mitosis. fertilization here results in the zygote
558109651fungi and protist life cyclegametes fuse and form a diploid zygote, meiosis occurs without a diploid offspring developing. meiosis produces not gametes but haploid cells that then divide by mitosis and give rise to a haploid multicellular adult. the haploid adult carries out mitosis producing cells that develop into gametes.
558109652meiosis Ifirst consecutive cell division
558109653meiosis IIsecond consecutive cell division
558109654interphase-chromosomes duplicate during S phase but remain uncondensed. -each replicated chromosome consists of two genetically identical sister chromatids connected at the centromere. -the centrosome replicates, forming two centromeres
558109655prophase I-90 percent of the time for meiosis. -chromosomes begin to condense. -homologous chromosomes loosely pair along their lengths, precicely aligned gene by gene. -in crossing over. the DNA molecules in nonsi
558109656prophase I-in crossing over the DNA molecules in nonsister chromatids break at corresponding places and then rejoin to the other's DNA
558109657prophase I-in synapsis, a protein structure called thje synaptonemal complex forms between homologues, holding them together tightly along their lengths
558109658prophase I-the synaptonemal complex disassembles in the late part of this stage, and each chromosome pair becomes visible in the microscope of as a tetrad, a group of four chromatids.
558109659prophase I-each tetrad has one or more chiasmata holding the homologues together until anaphase I
558109660chiasmatacriss crossed regions where crossing over has occured.
558109661prophase I-the movement of centrosomes, formation of spindle microtubules, breakdown of the nuclear envelope, and dispersal of nucleoli occur as in mitosis
558109662prophase I-late in this stage the kinetochores of each homologue attach to microtubules from one pole or the other. the homologous pairs then move toward the metaphase plate.
558109663metaphase I-the pairs of homologous chromosomes, in the form of tetrads, are now arranged on the metaphase plate, with one chromosome of each pair facing each pole, with one chromosome of each pair facing each pole
558109664metaphase I-both chromatids of a homologue are attached to kinetochore microtubules from one pole; those of the other homologoue are attached to microtubules of the other pole
558109665anaphase I-the chromosomes move toward the poles, guided by the spindle apparatus
558109666anaphase I-sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as a single unit toward the same pole
558109667anaphase I-homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids, move toward opposite poles.
558109668telophase I-at the beginning of this stage, each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of chromosomes, but each chromosome is still composed of two sister chromatids
558109669cytokinesis-this forms in conjunction with telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells
558109670cytokinesis-in animal cells a cleavage furrow forms, in plant cells, a cell wall
558109671cytokinesisin some species the chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear envelope reforms
558109672prophase II-a spindle apparatus forms
558109673prophase II-late in this phase, chromosomes each still composed of 2 chromatids, move toward the metaphase II plate
558109674metaphase II-the chromosomes are positioned on the metaphase plate as in mitosis
558109675metaphase II-because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome are not genetically identical
558109676metaphase II-the kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules extending from opposite poles
558109677anaphase II-the centromeres of each chromosome finally separate, and the sister chromatids fall apart
558109678anaphase IIthe sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as two individual chromosomes toward opposite poles
558109679telophase II-nuclei form, the chromosomes begin decondensing, and cytokinesis begins
558109680cytokinesis-the meiotic division of one parent cell produces four daughters, each with a haploid set of chromosomes
558109681cytokinesis-each of the 4 daughter cells is genetically distinct from the other daughter cells and from the parent cell
558109682synapsisduplicated homologous chromosomes line up and become physically connected along their lengths by a zipperlike protein structure
558109683crossing overgenetic rearrangement between nonsister chromatids, swap parts
558109684tetradthe four chromatids of a homologous pair are visible in the light microscope as this. FOUR
558109685recombiant chromosomesproduced by crossing over, individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents
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Module 46: Contemporary Research on Personality Flashcards

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152754479traita characteristic pattern of behaviour or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
152754480personality inventorya questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours, used to assess selected personality traits
152754481Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)most widely researched and clinically used for all personality tests - developed to identify emotional disorders and is now used for many other screening purposes
152754482empirically derived testa test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
152754483social-cognitive perspectiveviews behaviour as influenced by the interactions between persons (and their thinking) and their social context
152754484reciprocal determinisminteracting influences btwn personality and environmental factors
152754485personal controlour sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
152754486external locus of controlthe perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
152754487internal locus of controlthe perception that one controls one's own fate
152754488learned helplessnessthe hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
152754489spotlight effectoverestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders (as we presume a spotlight shines on us)
152754490self-esteemone's feeling of high or low selfworth
152754491self-serving biasa readiness to perceive oneself favourably
152754492positive psychologythe scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Personality (Humanistic & Trait Perspective) Flashcards

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309135919Self ActualizationAccording to Maslow, Feeling of self-fulfillment and realization of full potential (after meeting the needs of self-esteem).
309135920Abraham MaslowProposed that humans a re motivated by a hierarchy of needs and if one is not met we can't move on to fulfil the next need.
309135921Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs1) Physiological: fundamental needs such as food, shelter, sleep, etc.... 2) Safety & Security: Needs for avoiding harm, & maintaining comfort such as physical safety, protection, etc... 3) Love And Belonging: To love and be loved 4) Self Esteem: To be recognized and respected by others 5)Self-Actualization: Feeling of self-fulfilment and realization of full potential.
309135922Carl RogersBelieved that humans are basically good and endowed with self-actualizing tendencies unless thwarted by an environment that inhibits growth
309135923Genuineness, Acceptance, & Empathy (Rogers)Genuineness- People nurture our growth by being open with feelings, dropping façades and being self-disclosing. Acceptance- People nurture growth by offering unconditional positive regard. Empathy- People nurture growth by sharing and mirroringour feelings and reflecting our meanings.
309135924Unconditional Positive RegardAn attitude of total acceptance toward another person regardless of their actions or beliefs; a.k.a unconditional love.
309135925Conditional Positive RegardAn attitude of acceptance only when the other person behaves in a way approved by you; can be "taken away" at will; i.e. "I'm only your friend until you make me angry"
309135926Self-ConceptAll thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question "Who am I?"
309135927Trait PerspectiveAttempt to define personality in terms of stable and enduring behaviour patterns such as loyalty or optimism.
309135928TraitsPeoples characteristic behaviours and conscious motives
309135929Personality InventoryLong questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviours, designed to assess several traits at once ; often the questionnaire has true/false or agree/disagree questions
309135930Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)Most widely researched and clinically used personality test. originally developed to identify emotional disorders, but currently being used for many other screening purposes.
309135931Empirically Deprived TestDeveloped by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
309135932The "Big Five" Personality FactorsConscientiousness- Organized Vs Disorganized etc... Agreeableness- Trusting vs Suspicious etc... Neuroticism- Secure vs Insecure Openness- Independent vs Conforming Extraversion- Affectionate vs Reserved
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Unit 16 A: Personality: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Flashcards

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160365032personalityan individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving
160365033psychoanalysisFreud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
160365034free associationin psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
160365035unconsciousaccording to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
160365036idcontains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
160365037egothe largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
160365038super-egopart of the personality that acts as a moral center; our conscience
160365039pleasure principleFreud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.
160365040reality principleAccording the Freud, the attempt by the ego to satisfy both the id and the superego while still considering the reality of the situation.
160365041psychosexual stagesthe childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
160365042oral stageFreud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.
160365043anal stageFreud's second stage of psychosexual development where the primary sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces. The stage is often thought of as representing a child's ability to control his or her own world.
160365044phallic stageFreud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.
160365045latencyFreud's term for middle childhood, during which children's emotional drives are quieter, the psychosexual needs are repressed, and their unconscious conflicts are submerged.
160365046genital stageFreud's final stage of psychosexual development where healthy sexual development occurs
160365047Oedipus Complexaccording to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
160365048Electra Complexconflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
160365049fixationaccording to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
160365050libidoSigmund Freud's terminology of sexual energy or sexual drive.
160365051defense mechanismsin psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
160365052repressionin psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
160365053regressiondefense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
160365054denialdefense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
160365055reaction formationpsychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
160365056projectionpsychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
160365057displacementpsychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
160365058rationalizationdefense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
160365059sublimationa defense mechanism in which unacceptable energies are directed into socially admirable outlets, such as art
160365060intellectualizationdefense mechanism; thinking abstractly about stressful problems as a way of detaching oneself from them; Example: After learning that she has not been asked to a classmate's costume party, Tina coolly discusses how social cliques control school life.
160365061psychodynamic theoryan approach to personality development, based largely on the ideas of Sigmund Freud, which holds that much of behaviour is governed by unconscious forces. (a theory)
160365062neo-Freudiansfollowers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis.
160365063collective unconsciousCarl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
160365064archetypesAccording to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning and are stored in our collective unconscious
160365065projective testsa personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one's inner thoughts and feelings
160365066Rorschach inkblot testthe most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
160365067Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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AP Biology Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

Campbell Reece Biology 6th Edition

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587746253chromosome theory of inheritancea basic principle in biology stating that genes are located in chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns
587746254wild typean individual with the normal phenotype
587746255sex-linked genea gene located on a sex chromosome
587746256linked genesgenes that are located on the same chromosome
587746257genetic recombinationthe general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents
587746258parental typesoffspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes
587746259recombinantan offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents
587746260genetic mapa n ordered list of genetic loci along a chromosome
587746261linkage mapa genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes
587746262map unitsa measurement between the distance of genes; 1 map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency
587746263barr bodya dense object lying around the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated x chromosome
587746264nondisjuntionan accident of meiosis or mitosis, on which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly
587746265aneuploidya chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number
587746266trisomica chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two
587746267monosomica chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two
587746268genomic imprintingthe parental effect om gene expression whereby identical alleles have different effects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm
587746269RECESSIVE ALLELE DISORDERS/ TRAITSTay-Sachs Attached Earlobe Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell PKU
587746270DOMINANT ALLELE DISORDERSPolydactyly Dwarfism (Achondroplasia) Huntington's disease
587746271SEX LINKED DISORDERS (Recessive)DMD Hemophilia Color Blindness
587746272TrisomyTrisomy 21- Down Syndrome Trisomy 13 - Patau Syndrome
587746273Aneuploidy of Sex ChromosomesXO- Turner Syndrome XXY- Klinefelter syndrome
587746274Structurally Altered ChromosomesCri du chat- Chromosome 5 CML- Translocation of 9-22
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