APUSH Chapter 10
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| 732871438 | immigration | new movement of millions of southern and eastern Europeans into the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries | |
| 732871439 | urban growth | population shift into the cities | |
| 732871440 | nativism | a defense of native-born people and a hostility to the foreign-born, usually combined with a desire to stop or slow immigration | |
| 732871441 | know-nothings | colloquial term for nativists, arising from their password and strict code of secrecy; it was the first independent party to challenge the Whigs and the Democrats and was built on anti-immigrant sentiments created by the wave of immigrants who arrived during the 1840s | |
| 732871442 | turnpike era | from 1790-1820s where Americans relied largely on roads for internal transportation | |
| 732947166 | Erie Canal | water route constructed between 1818 and 1825; it connected New York City to the Great Lakes (from Albany to Buffalo) and created the possibility of cheaper trade with the West | |
| 732947167 | New York City | When the Erie Canal was built, New York's hinterland greatly expanded and had direct routes to the Great Lakes, Chicago and growing markets in the West, making NY a destination for agricultural goods and population increase | |
| 732947168 | Railroad Consolidation | the trend toward connecting short lines into longer lines (trunk lines) that profoundly affected the nature of sectional alignments and linked together cities and transportation networks | |
| 732947169 | telegraph | wired networks of communication running along railroad tracks developed by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1844 | |
| 732947170 | Associated Press | formed by newspaper publishers in 1846, to promote cooperative news gathering by wire | |
| 732947171 | merchant capitalist | one who invests capital in the buying, selling, and shipping of goods, but not in their production (had sole ownership of their enterprises) | |
| 732947172 | corporations | organization of businesses in groups that developed rapidly in the 1830s when legal obstacles were removed (stockholders owned them) | |
| 732947173 | factory system | system of manufacture in which all operations were brought under one roof, with many workers producing goods in a repetitive series of steps and specialized tasks using powerful machines. This is in contrasts to earlier systems, where most work took place in households or small workshops | |
| 732947174 | interchangeable parts | standardized parts that can be used in place of one another--creation of better machine tools in the Industrial Revolution | |
| 732947175 | Lowell mills and workers | one of the leading manufacturing centers of New England in the 1830s and one of the largest textile centers in America. Lowell relied heavily on women workers | |
| 732947176 | Factory Girls Association | an 1834 union organized by Lowell mill workers that staged a strike to protest a 25% wage cut and another one 2 years later against a rent increase in the boardinghouses. Both failed and the organization was virtually destroyed by a recession in 1837 | |
| 732947177 | Trade Unions | central organizations formed by craft societies in the 1820s and 1830s where skilled artisans joined forces to preserve their Artisan way of life | |
| 732947178 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | greatest legal victory of industrial workers in Supreme Court of MA in 1842 when it was declared that unions were lawful organization sand that strike was a lawful weapon | |
| 732947179 | Gap Between Rich and the Poor | the Industrial Revolution increased American wealth, but that wealth became more concentrated in the rich while the poor, particularly blacks, Native Americans, landless farmers, had no resources. Inequality of wealth greatly increased with commercial growth | |
| 732947180 | Middle Class | new group rapidly spreading in antebellum society when rigid distinctions between wealthy land owners and landless peasants broke down with the growth of industry and its opportunities to provide capital other than land | |
| 732947181 | cult of domesticity | view of the home as a haven away from the competitive workaday world, where women were expected to take care of duties that included child rearing and housework | |
| 732947182 | commercial agriculture | agriculture that concentrated on growing a single cash crop for market, and that is part of the new capitalist economy, kinked to the national and international market, characterized by profits from large scale production | |
| 732947183 | "High Culture" and "lowbrow culture" | a distinction between cultural tastes of the aristocracy or educated upper classes and common audience. Shakespearean plays transitioned from lowbrow to high by the end of the 19th century | |
| 732947184 | McCormick Reaper | a horse-drawn, automatic reaper patented in 1834 that enabled a crew of 6 or 7 men to harvest in a day as much grain as 15 men using older methods | |
| 732947185 | Rural life | life for farming people characterized by isolation, but small and religious social gatherings helped form social interaction between farming communities |
