Terms : Hide Images
| 44438295 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents | 0 | |
| 44438296 | caravel | Portuguese ship that was small but strong | 1 | |
| 44438297 | Bartholomew Dias | sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so. | 2 | |
| 44438298 | Vasco de Gama | commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. | 3 | |
| 44438299 | Christopher Columbus | His voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents | 4 | |
| 44438300 | Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement which divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal | 5 | |
| 44438301 | conquistadors | conquerors from Spain | 6 | |
| 44438302 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire | 7 | |
| 44438303 | Moctezuma | Aztech emperor who ruled during the beginning of the Spanish invasion | 8 | |
| 44438304 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire. His defeat of the Inca epitomizes the advantages which the Europeans had over the Amerindians | 9 | |
| 44438305 | Atahualpa | The last Incan Emperor before the Spanish conquered the Inca | 10 | |
| 44438306 | Protestant Reformation | reform movement led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others that divided Christianity | 11 | |
| 44438307 | Martin Luther | German priest and professor who started the Protestant Reformation through his 95 Theses | 12 | |
| 44438308 | 95 Theses | List of criticisms with the Catholic Church that started the Protestant Reformation | 13 | |
| 44438309 | indulgences | grants of salvation in return for money | 14 | |
| 44438310 | John Calvin | Created a branch of Christianity that centered around the idea of predestination | 15 | |
| 44438311 | Anglican Church | English branch of Protestantism | 16 | |
| 44438312 | Catholic Reformation | period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent in response to the Protestant Reformation | 17 | |
| 44438313 | Jesuits | group of people that participated in the Catholic Reformation that brought some people back to the Catholic Church | 18 | |
| 44438314 | Edict of Nantes | granted tolerance to the Protestants in France in 1598 | 19 | |
| 44438315 | The Thirty Years War | war between Protestants and Catholics in Germany (broke out in 1618) | 20 | |
| 44438316 | Treaty of Westphalia | Treaty that ended The Thirty Years War | 21 | |
| 44438317 | English Civil War | Civil War in England that resulted in the King of England losing much of his power | 22 | |
| 44438318 | Scientific Revolution | new vision of science (developed during 17th and 18th centuries); relied on reason | 23 | |
| 44438319 | Nicholas Copernicus | Polish astronomer who developed a heliocentric theory of the Solar System | 24 | |
| 44438321 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer who improved the telescope and supported Copenicus' views on the Solar System | 25 | |
| 44438322 | Isaac Newton | described basic principles of motion and gravity | 26 | |
| 44438323 | divine right | doctrine that a monarch derives his or her power directly from God | 27 | |
| 44438324 | Louis XIV | The king of France from 1643-1715. His rule is seen as the epitome of absolutist monarchy | 28 | |
| 44438325 | limited monarchy (constitutional monarchy) | king shared power with a parliament | 29 | |
| 44438326 | capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. | 30 | |
| 44438327 | mercantilism | government intervened in the market to protect domestic industries | 31 | |
| 44438328 | joint-stock companies | companies organized commercial ventures by allowing investors to buy and sell shares which shared the risk of business ventures | 32 | |
| 44438329 | constitutionalism | The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. | 33 | |
| 44438330 | Absolutism | a form of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force | 34 | |
| 44438331 | Dutch East India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in Asia. | 35 | |
| 44438332 | chartered company | association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration and colonization. | 36 | |
| 44438333 | creoles | New World settlers of European descent born in the New World | 37 | |
| 44438334 | mestizos | mixed Spanish-American ancestry | 38 | |
| 44438335 | mulattoes | people of European and African descent ancestry | 39 | |
| 44438336 | castas | middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes) | 40 | |
| 44438338 | viceroys | king's representatives in the New World who were given much leeway their ability to rule in the name of Spain or Portugal | 41 | |
| 44438339 | encomienda | system which gave encomenderos, or Spanish settlers, the right to force natives to work | 42 | |
| 44438341 | mit'a | system of forced labor in Peru, used as a basis by the Europeans to create a new forced labor system on the natives | 43 | |
| 44438342 | mercantilism | government intervened in the market to protect domestic industries | 44 | |
| 44438343 | indentured servitude | practice of Europeans to essentially sell years of their freedom in exchange for passage to the New World | 45 | |
| 44438344 | Columbian Exchange | the dramatic widespread exchange of the animals, plants, culture and human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres (Old World to New World) | 46 | |
| 44438345 | Atlantic Circuit | clockwise network of sea routes between Africa, America, and Europe | 47 | |
| 44438346 | Middle Passage | the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were taken to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade | 48 | |
| 44438347 | Manila galleons | galleons between Manila and Mexico | 49 | |
| 44438348 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. | 50 | |
| 44438349 | manumission | the act of freeing slaves, done at the will of the owner. | 51 | |
| 44438350 | maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. | 52 | |
| 44438351 | variolation | The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected. | 53 | |
| 44438352 | triangular trade | trades of slaves and other goods between africa, England, europe, the west Indies, and the new world | 54 | |
| 44438353 | Sulemain the Magnificent | most glorious Ottoman emperor (ruled 1520-1566) | 55 | |
| 44438354 | Janissaries | elite Ottoman military group | 56 | |
| 44438355 | devshirme | young Christian boys who became bureaucratic slaves to the sultan (Janissaries) | 57 | |
| 44438356 | vizier | head of the imperial Ottoman bureaucracy; took care of day-to-day work | 58 | |
| 44438357 | imams | heirs to Ali; shiite clerics | 59 | |
| 44438359 | Babur | descendant of Timur and Gengis Khan; founded the Mughal Empire | 60 | |
| 44438360 | Mughal Empire | descendants of the Timurids who began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of India by the late 17th and early 18th centuries | 61 | |
| 44438361 | Akbar | grandson of Babur; ruled the Mughal Empire from 1556-1605. Demonstrated tolerance to Hindus and Rajputs and developed strong military and empire. | 62 | |
| 44438362 | Taj Mahal | Mughal Empire tomb dedicated to a shah's wife | 63 | |
| 44438363 | sati | Hindu practice of suicide of widows by jumping on husband's pyre | 64 | |
| 44438364 | purdah | seclusion for women | 65 | |
| 44438365 | guru | religious leader of Sikhism | 66 | |
| 44438366 | Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) | Finished the process of expelling Mongols - centralized czar's power | 67 | |
| 44438367 | boyars | Russian nobility, resisted attempts at modernization | 68 | |
| 44438369 | Peter the Great | Russian ruler who westernized Russia - desired warm water port | 69 | |
| 44438370 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian empire who lived outside farming villages, often as outlaws. Led the conquest of Siberia in 16th & 17th centuries. | 70 | |
| 44438371 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 71 | |
| 44438372 | Macartney Mission | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. | 72 | |
| 44438373 | Matteo Ricci | an Italian Jesuit priest, and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission, as it existed in the 17th-18th centuries. | 73 | |
| 44438374 | Jesuits | served as transmitters of science and technology to China | 74 | |
| 44438375 | Forty-Seven Ronin | group of samurai who were left leaderless; avenged their master's honor. Became emblematic of the loyalty, sacrifice, persistence, and honor that all good people should preserve in Japan | 75 | |
| 44438376 | Tokogawa Ieyasu | powerful daimyo of Edo (modern-day Tokyo), named himself shogun in 1603, initiating the most powerful and long-lasting of all Japanese shogunates | 76 | |
| 112651059 | Ferdinand Magellan | Sailed for Spain and tried to complete Columbus' westward route. In the end his voyage was the first to circumnavigate the world. | 77 | |
| 112654048 | Henry VIII | English king who ruled with absolute power. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church | 78 | |
| 112654049 | Queen Elizabeth | English Queen who ruled for 44 years and provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity | 79 | |
| 112654050 | Holy Roman Empire | By the 1500's this was more of a union of territories. It was ruled by Charles V but consisted mostly of German peoples and was continually being pulled apart until the 30 Years War brought much of it to an end | 80 |
