Chapters 18-20
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| 297112553 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 0 | |
| 297112554 | Atlantic system | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. | 1 | |
| 297112555 | chartered companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. | 2 | |
| 297112556 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. | 3 | |
| 297112557 | plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | 4 | |
| 297112558 | driver | A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. | 5 | |
| 297112559 | seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. | 6 | |
| 297112560 | manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. | 7 | |
| 297112561 | maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. | 8 | |
| 297112562 | capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions—banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. | 9 | |
| 297112563 | mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. | 10 | |
| 297112564 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 11 | |
| 297112565 | Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. | 12 | |
| 297112566 | Songhai | A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. | 13 | |
| 297112567 | Hausa | An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Calipphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century. | 14 | |
| 297112568 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. | 15 | |
| 297115328 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 16 | |
| 297115329 | Suleiman the Magnificent | (1494-1566) The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver." He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 17 | |
| 297115330 | Janissary | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 18 | |
| 297115331 | devshirme | 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. | 19 | |
| 297115332 | Tulip Period | (1718-1730) Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. | 20 | |
| 297115333 | Safavid Empire | Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. | 21 | |
| 297115334 | Shi'ite Islam | Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. | 22 | |
| 297115335 | Hidden Imam | Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. | 23 | |
| 297115336 | Shah Abbas I | (r. 1587-1629) The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran. Abbas moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598. | 24 | |
| 297115337 | Akbar | (1542-1605) Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 25 | |
| 297115338 | mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. | 26 | |
| 297115339 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. | 27 | |
| 297115340 | Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. | 28 | |
| 297115341 | Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. | 29 | |
| 297115342 | Oman | Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. | 30 | |
| 297115343 | Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. | 31 | |
| 297115344 | Batavia | Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. | 32 | |
| 314277009 | Manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 33 | |
| 314277010 | daimyo | Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. | 34 | |
| 314277011 | samurai | Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. | 35 | |
| 314277012 | Tokugawa Shogunate | The last of the three shogunates of Japan., shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas | 36 | |
| 314277013 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. | 37 | |
| 314277014 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. | 38 | |
| 314277015 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 39 | |
| 314277016 | Amur River | This river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). | 40 | |
| 314277017 | Macartney Mission | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. | 41 | |
| 314277018 | Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The _ dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. | 42 | |
| 314277019 | Ural Mountains | This north-south range separates Siberia from the rest of Russia. It is commonly considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia. | 43 | |
| 314277020 | tsar | From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). | 44 | |
| 314277021 | Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. | 45 | |
| 314277022 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. They led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 46 | |
| 314277023 | serf | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some _ worked as artisans and in factories; _ was not abolished there until 1861. | 47 | |
| 314277024 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 48 |
