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| 5744733089 | ionizing radiation | enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (Ex gamma-X rays- UV) | 0 | |
| 5744733090 | high quality energy | organized and concentrated, can perform useful work (Ex fossil fuel and nuclear) | 1 | |
| 5744733091 | low quality energy | disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or aim wind, solar) | 2 | |
| 5744733092 | first law of thermodynamics | energy is neither created or destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another | 3 | |
| 5744733093 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) | 4 | |
| 5744733094 | natural radioactive decay | unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha, and beta particles | 5 | |
| 5744733095 | half-life | the time it takes for half the mass of a radioisotope to decay | 6 | |
| 5744733096 | estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level | approximately 10 half-lives | 7 | |
| 5744733097 | nuclear fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons | 8 | |
| 5744733098 | nuclear fusion | 2 isotopes of light elements ( H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. expensive, break point not reached yet | 9 | |
| 5744733099 | ore | a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine | 10 | |
| 5744733100 | mineral reserve | identified deep deposits currently profitable to extract | 11 | |
| 5744733101 | best solution to energy shortage | conservation and increase efficiency | 12 | |
| 5744733102 | surface mining | cheaper and can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers | 13 | |
| 5744733103 | humus | organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms | 14 | |
| 5744733104 | leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by moving downwards | 15 | |
| 5744733105 | illuviation | deposit of leached material in lower soil layers | 16 | |
| 5744733106 | loam | perfect agriculture soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay | 17 | |
| 5744733107 | solutions to soil problems | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers | 18 | |
| 5744733108 | parts of the hydrologic cycle | evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration | 19 | |
| 5744733109 | aquifer | any water bearing layer in the ground | 20 | |
| 5744733110 | cone of depression | lowering of the water table around a pumping well | 21 | |
| 5744733111 | salt water intrusion | is the movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas where groundwater is withdrawn faster that it's replenished | 22 | |
| 5744733112 | ENSO | el nino southern oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. pacific | 23 | |
| 5744733113 | during and el nino year; during a non el nino year | trade winds weaken and warm water sloshed back to SA; easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of south America | 24 | |
| 5744733114 | effects of el nino | upwelling decreases disrupting food chains, N US has mild winters, SW US has increased rainfall, less atlantic hurricanes | 25 | |
| 5744733115 | nitrogen fixing | because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria | 26 | |
| 5744733116 | ammonification | decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia | 27 | |
| 5744733117 | nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate inos (NO-3) | 28 | |
| 5744733118 | assimilation | inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids and proteins | 29 | |
| 5744733119 | denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back to N | 30 | |
| 5744733120 | phosphorus does not circulate as easy as N because | it does not exist as a gas, but is released by the weathering of phosphate rocks | 31 | |
| 5744733121 | because soil contains very little phosphorus | it is a major limiting factor for plant growth | 32 | |
| 5744733122 | excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by | runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer discharge of sewage | 33 | |
| 5744733123 | photosynthesis | plants convert atmospheric (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose c6h12o6) | 34 | |
| 5744733124 | aerobic respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers and decomposers break down complex organic compounds and covert C back into CO2 | 35 | |
| 5744733125 | largest reservoirs of C | carbonate rock first, oceans second | 36 | |
| 5744733126 | biotic/abiotic | living and nonliving components of an ecosystem | 37 | |
| 5744733127 | producer/ autotroph | organisms that will make their own food-photosynthetic life | 38 | |
| 5744733128 | trophic levels | producers- primary consumers- secondary consumers- teritary consumer | 39 | |
| 5744733129 | energy flow through food webs | only 10% on the usable energy is transferred | 40 | |
| 5744733130 | why is only 10% of usable energy transferred? | usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested and absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey | 41 | |
| 5744733131 | primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava) | 42 | |
| 5744733132 | secondary succession | life progresses where soil remains (clear cut) | 43 | |
| 5744733133 | mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit | 44 | |
| 5744733134 | commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one partner is benefited and the other is unaffected | 45 | |
| 5744733135 | parasitism | relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host | 46 | |
| 5744733136 | biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plant and animals | 47 | |
| 5744733137 | carrying capacity | the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area | 48 | |
| 5744733138 | r strategist | reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring | 49 | |
| 5744733139 | k strategist | reproduce lat, few, cared for offspring | 50 | |
| 5744733140 | natural selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation | 51 | |
| 5744733141 | thomas malthus | said human population cannot continue to increase.. consequences will be war, famine,and disease | 52 | |
| 5744733142 | doubling time | rule of 70: 70 divided by the percent growth rate | 53 | |
| 5744733143 | replacement level fertility | the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing) | 54 | |
| 5744733144 | world population is | over 6 billion; US population 300,000,000 last year | 55 | |
| 5744733145 | preindustrial stage | birth and death rates high, populations grows slowly, infant mortality high | 56 | |
| 5744733146 | transitional stage | death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast | 57 | |
| 5744733147 | industrial stage | decine in birth rate, population growth slows | 58 | |
| 5744733148 | postindustrial stage | low birth and death rates | 59 | |
| 5744733149 | age structure diagrams | (broad base, rapid growth) ( narrow base, negative growth) (uniform shape, zero growth) | 60 | |
| 5744733150 | most populated countries | china and india | 61 | |
| 5744733151 | most important thing affecting population growth | low status of women | 62 | |
| 5744733152 | ways to decrease birth rate | family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties | 63 | |
| 5744733153 | percent water on earth by type | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater | 64 | |
| 5744733154 | salinazation of soil | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving behind salts | 65 | |
| 5744733155 | ways to conserve water | (agriculture, drip/trickle irrigation) (industry, recycling) (home. use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures) | 66 | |
| 5744733156 | point vs. non point sources | (point, from specific location such as pipe) (non point, from over an area such as runoff) | 67 | |
| 5744733157 | BOD | biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed be aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials | 68 | |
| 5744733158 | eutrophication | rapid algal growth cause bye an excess of N & P | 69 | |
| 5744733159 | hypoxia | when aquatic plants die the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops and the water cannot support life | 70 | |
| 5744733160 | minamata disease | mental impairments caused by mercury | 71 | |
| 5744733161 | primary air pollutants | produced by human and nature (CO,CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates) | 72 | |
| 5744733162 | secondary air pollutants | formed by reaction of primary pollutants | 73 | |
| 5744733163 | particulate matter | (source: burning fossil fuels and car exhaust) (effect: reduces visibility and respiratory irritation) (reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy) | 74 | |
| 5744733164 | nitrogen oxides | (source: auto exhaust) (effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone) (equation for acid formation: NO + O2 = NO2 + H2O = HNO3) (reduction catalytic converter) | 75 | |
| 5744733165 | sulfur oxides | (source: coal burning) (effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (equation for acid formation: SO2 + O2 = SO3 + H2O = H2SO4) (reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel) | 76 | |
| 5744733166 | carbon oxides | (Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O, CO2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emissions testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit) | 77 | |
| 5744733167 | ozone | (formation: secondary pollutant, NO2 + UV- NO + O O+O2 =O3, with VOC's) (effects: respiratory irritant, plant damage) (reduction: reduce NO emissions and VOC's) | 78 | |
| 5744733168 | industrial smog | found in cities that burn large amounts of coal | 79 | |
| 5744733169 | photochemical smog | formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O) | 80 | |
| 5744733170 | acid deposition | cause by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters | 81 | |
| 5744733171 | greenhouse gases | (Examples: H20, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFC's) (effects: they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm) | 82 | |
| 5744733172 | effects of global warming | rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, droughts (famine), extinctions | 83 | |
| 5744733173 | ozone depletion caused by | CFC's, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone) | 84 | |
| 5744733174 | effects of ozone depletion | (increase UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth) | 85 | |
| 5744733175 | love canal, ny | chemical buried in old canal and school and homes built over it causing birth defects and cancer | 86 | |
| 5744733176 | municipal solid waste | is mostly paper | 87 | |
| 5744733177 | most municipal waster is | landfilled | 88 | |
| 5744733178 | sanitary landfill problems and solutions | (leachate, liner with collection system) (methane gas, collect gas and burn) (volume of garbage, compact and reduce) | 89 | |
| 5744733179 | incineration advantages | volume of waste reduced by 90% and waste heat can be use | 90 | |
| 5744733180 | incineration disadvantages | toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride-dioxin), scrubbers and electrostatic precipiataors needed, ash disposal | 91 | |
| 5744733181 | best way to solve waste problem | reduce the amounts of waste at the source | 92 | |
| 5744733182 | keystone species | species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others | 93 | |
| 5744733183 | indicator species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged | 94 | |
| 5744733184 | most endangered species | have a small range, require large territory or live on an island | 95 | |
| 5744733185 | in natural ecosystems, 50-90% of pest species are kept under control by | predators, diseases, parasites | 96 | |
| 5744733186 | major insecticide groups and examples | (chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT) (organophosphates,malathion) (carbamates, aldicarb) | 97 | |
| 5744733187 | pesticide pros | saves lives from insect transmitted disease, increase food supply, incease profits for farmers | 98 | |
| 5744733188 | pesticide cons | genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification | 99 | |
| 5744733189 | natural pest control | better agriculture practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, bio pesticides, sex attractants | 100 | |
| 5744733190 | electricity is generated by | using steam (from water boiled by fossil fuels or nuclear) or falling water to turn a generator | 101 | |
| 5744733191 | petroleum forms from | microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons | 102 | |
| 5744733192 | pros of petroleum | cheap, easily transported, high quality energy | 103 | |
| 5744733193 | cons of petroleum | reserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, burning makes CO2 | 104 | |
| 5744733194 | steps in coal formation | peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite | 105 | |
| 5744733195 | major parts of a nuclear reactor | core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building | 106 | |
| 5744733196 | two most serious nuclear accidents | chernobyl, ukraine three mile island, pa | 107 | |
| 5744733197 | alternate energy sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | 108 | |
| 5744733198 | LD 50 | the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population | 109 | |
| 5744733199 | mutagen, teratogen, carcinogen | 1. causes heridatary changes 2. causes fetus deformities 3. causes cancer | 110 | |
| 5744733200 | multiple use US public lands | National Forest and National Resources lands | 111 | |
| 5744733201 | moderately restricted use land | nation wildlife refuges | 112 | |
| 5744733202 | restricted use lands | national parks, National Wilderness Preservation system | 113 | |
| 5744733203 | volcanoes and earthquakes occur | aat plate boundaries (divergent- spreading ex. min-ocean ridges) (convergent, ex. trenched. Mineral deposits are most abundant at convergent boundaries) (transform sliding ex. San Andreas) | 114 | |
| 5744733204 | survivorship curves | type 1: low mortality at birth, survival to old age, and then die (human,annual plant) type 2: uniform death rates, subject to predation (insects, birds) type 3: high morality at birth but lint lifespans other wise (turtles, trees) | 115 | |
| 5744733205 | density dependent factors | competition, parasitism, predation | 116 | |
| 5744733206 | density independent factors | fire, floods, extreme cold | 117 | |
| 5744733207 | biotic potential | maximum amount of offspring a species can have | 118 | |
| 5744733208 | effects of global warming | bleaching of coral reefs, animals and plants forced out of their current range, melting glaciers, rising sea level, droughts, spread of infectious diseases and more extreme weather conditions | 119 | |
| 5744733209 | exotic species are known as invasive species because | they often can grow at an uncontolled rate because they have no natural predators, disrupt the balance of infectious diseases and more extreme weather conditions | 120 | |
| 5744733210 | ecological services of forests | regulate climate, control water runoff, produce oxygen and provide food and shelter for many creatures | 121 | |
| 5744733211 | clear cutting is bad because | it increases soil erosion dramatically, increases nitrate runoff into water bodies, makes it hard for an area to recover, leaves animals no place to live and can lead to extinctions | 122 | |
| 5744733212 | utilitarianism | is the belief that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time | 123 | |
| 5744733213 | selective cutting | harvesting only mature trees of certain species and size. more expensive but less disruptive to wildlife than clear cutting | 124 | |
| 5744733214 | conservation | is the management of a resource to make certain it produces the greatest benefit to humans in the future | 125 | |
| 5744733215 | preservation | is the concept that the land should be kept in its natural state- never touched or developed | 126 | |
| 5744733216 | NIMBY | public protests cause wastes and other pollutants to be dumped in someone else's backyard. mostly hurts the poor who cannot pay for representation to fight against potential pollution | 127 | |
| 5744733217 | range of tolerance | minimum and maximum levels of conditions in which organisms can survive | 128 | |
| 5744733218 | fact | 1.5 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and 3 billion people lack good sanitation need to prevent communicable disease from spreading | 129 | |
| 5744733219 | 75% of water pollution in the US come from | soil erosion, atmospheric deposition and surface run off | 130 | |
| 5744733220 | 95% of water in developing countries come from | raw sewage (high population growth without the money for treatment plants) | 131 | |
| 5744733221 | the US uses 77% of | all pesticides in the world | 132 | |
| 5744733222 | troposphere | contain weather | 133 | |
| 5744733223 | stratosphere | contains the ozone | 134 | |
| 5744733224 | the atmosphere composition is: | 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and a small amount of argon, carbon dioxide, water, salt and dust | 135 | |
| 5744733225 | weather moves from | west to east across America and winds are named for the direction they come from | 136 | |
| 5744733226 | bioaccumulation | is the selective absorption and storage of a great variety of molecules | 137 | |
| 5744733227 | biomagnification | is a continued increase in the concentration of pollutants in higher levels of a food chain | 138 | |
| 5744733228 | chronic effects | are long lasting and can result from a single exposure of a very toxic substance or a continuous exposure to the toxin | 139 | |
| 5744733229 | acute effects | are caused by a single exposure to a toxin and results in an immediate health crisis of some sort | 140 | |
| 5744733230 | watershed | land surface and groundwater aquifers drained by a particular river system | 141 | |
| 5744733231 | forests | 11% is used for crops 26% is range and pasture | 142 | |
| 5744733232 | valdez, alaska | arch 24, 1989 tanker Exxon Valdez hits submerged rocks in Prince William Sound worst oil spill in US waters | 143 | |
| 5744733233 | biome | largest terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants and animals | 144 | |
| 5744733234 | human have caused extinction rates of hundreds to thousands of species per year | if these trends continue 1/3 to 2/3 of all current species will be lost by the year 2050 | 145 | |
| 5744733235 | federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act (fifra) 1947 | requires the EPA tro approve the use of all pesticides in the U.S. | 146 | |
| 5744733236 | surface mining control and reclamation act 1977 | established a program for regulating surface mining and reclamation activities. it established mandatory standards for there activities on state and federal lands including a requirement the adverse impacts on fish, wildlife, and related environmental values be minimized | 147 | |
| 5744733237 | soil and water conservation act 1977 | soil and water conservation programs to aid landowners and users; also sets up condition to continue evaluation the condition of U.S. soil, water, and related resources | 148 | |
| 5744733238 | food security act 1985 | discouraged the conversion of wetlands to non wetlands 1990 federal legislation denied federal farm supplements to those who converted wetlands to agriculture, and provided a restoration of benefits to those who unknowingly converter lands to wetlands | 149 | |
| 5744733239 | wilderness act 1964 | established a review of road-free areas of 5,000 acres or more and islands within the National Wildlife Refuges on the National Park System for inclusion in the Nation Preservation System This act restricted activities in these areas | 150 | |
| 5744733240 | wild and scenic rivers act 1968 | established a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System for the protection of rivers with important scenic recreational, fish and wildlife and other values | 151 | |
| 5744733241 | marine mammal protection act 1972 | established federal responsibility to conserve marine mammals | 152 | |
| 5744733242 | endangered species act 1973 | provided broad protection for species of fish, wildlife, and plants that are listed as threatened or endangered with the U.S. of elsewhere | 153 | |
| 5744733243 | convention on international trade in endangered species CITES 1975 | an international agreement between governments that ensures that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants don't threaten their survival | 154 | |
| 5744733244 | comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act | regulated damage done by mining; created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad federal authority to respond directly yo releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances the may endanger public health of the environment. established prohibitions and requirement concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites. provided liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites; established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified. | 155 | |
| 5744733245 | resource conservation and recovery act 1976 RCRA | regulated some mineral processing wastes; encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to manage nonhazardous industrial solid wastes and municipal waste, sets criteria for municipal solid waste landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities; cradle to grave system, | 156 | |
| 5744733246 | clean water act 1972 | protect all surface waters in the U.S. reduced direct pollutant discharges into waterways, financed municipal waste water treatment facilities, and manages polluted runoff, restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters | 157 | |
| 5744733247 | safe drinking water act 1974 | established a federal program to monitor and increase that safety of the drinking water supply. | 158 | |
| 5744733248 | ocean dumping act 1972 | made it unlawful for any person to dump, or transport for the purpose of dumping sewage sludge, or industrial waste into ocean waters | 159 | |
| 5744733249 | oil spill prevention and liability act | strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. established a trust fund which is available to clean up oil spills | 160 | |
| 5744733250 | toxic substances control act TSCA 1976 | gave the EPA the ability to track the 75,000 industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the U.S. EPA repeatedly screens these chemicals and can require reporting or testing of those that may pose an environmental or human-health hazard. allows the EPA to ban the manufacturing and import of those chemicals that pose unreasonable risk. | 161 | |
| 5744733251 | nuclear waste policy | established both the federal government's responsibility to provide a place of the permanent disposal of high level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, and the generators responsibility to bear the costs of permanent disposal. | 162 | |
| 5744733252 | pollution prevention act 1990 | designed to promote source reduction (stop pollution from being produced | 163 | |
| 5744733253 | 1970 national environmental policy act | created the council on environmental quality that resulted in the creation of the EPA from the consolidation of various environmental agencies. it also mandates that federal agencies prepare environmental impact statements | 164 | |
| 5744733254 | kyoto protocol 2001 | reduces greenhouse gas emissions that are linked to climate change and global warming | 165 | |
| 5744733255 | montreal protocol | phasing out of ozone depletion compounds cfcs | 166 | |
| 5744733256 | persistent organic pollutants treaty | protects human health from chemicals that remain intact in the environment | 167 | |
| 5744733257 | emergency planning and community right to know act | facilitated deadlines, provides info on chemicals and storing them, improves access to chemical info | 168 | |
| 5744733258 | federal food drug and cosmetic act | sets limits for residue on food and keeps food safe | 169 | |
| 5744733259 | shoreline erosion control act | provide shoreline protection and improve sediment retention; prevents coastal erosion | 170 | |
| 5744733260 | coastal zone management act 1990 | balance ecosystem conservation, balance ecosystem development controls non point pollution along the coast | 171 | |
| 5744733261 | surface mining control and reclamation act 1977 | regulate environmental effects of coal mining and cleaning out of abandoned mines | 172 | |
| 5744733262 | fisheries conservation and management act 1996 | created fishery management council protected fish habitats and reducing by catch | 173 |
