Chapters 18 - 22 (these are all from the study guide & in chronological order)
Terms : Hide Images
| 6135616895 | Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 0 | |
| 6135616897 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) |  | 1 |
| 6135616900 | French Revolution | an uprising of the people that led to the end of the French monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The revolution began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799 |  | 2 |
| 6135616901 | Three Estates | The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land | 3 | |
| 6135616902 | Bourgeoisie | the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people | 4 | |
| 6135616904 | Robespierre | French revolutionary leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794) |  | 5 |
| 6135616905 | Louis XVI | king of France from 1774 to 1792. In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793) |  | 6 |
| 6135616906 | Napoleon Bonaparte | French general who overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile (1769-1821) |  | 7 |
| 6135616907 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Revolutionary document of the French Revolution. Written in 1789, it stated certain rights believed to be universal to all mankind. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence | 8 | |
| 6135616908 | Industrial Revolution | Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power; the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. | 9 | |
| 6135616909 | Steam Engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. |  | 10 |
| 6135616910 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) |  | 11 |
| 6135616912 | Textiles industry | economic activity connected with cloth making; the Industrial Revolution began in Britain with machines that improved cloth-making, making cloth faster and cheaper | 12 | |
| 6135616916 | Legitimacy | Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored; hereditary right of a monarch to rule; popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority | 13 | |
| 6135616917 | Congress of Vienna | a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon | 14 | |
| 6135616921 | Communism | a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership; , a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society | 15 | |
| 6135616922 | Karl Marx | the founder of modern communism, he wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883) | 16 | |
| 6135616923 | German unification | In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark and 3 short wars. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany. | 17 | |
| 6135616924 | Otto von Bismark | Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire. |  | 18 |
| 6135616927 | Italian unification | During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy | 19 | |
| 6135616928 | Crimean war | a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England, France, Turkey, and Sardinia from 1853-1856 | 20 | |
| 6135616931 | Creoles | People of European descent born in Latin America | 21 | |
| 6135616932 | Mestizos | People of mixed Native American and European ancestory | 22 | |
| 6135616933 | Mulattoes | People of mixed African and European descent | 23 | |
| 6135616936 | Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825; (1783-1830) |  | 24 |
| 6135616937 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru |  | 25 |
| 6135616941 | Haitian Revolution | A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it was led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Napoleon had an issue with its success | 26 | |
| 6135616942 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | 27 | |
| 6135616943 | Caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America | 28 | |
| 6135616946 | Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. Started the war for independence |  | 29 |
| 6135616947 | Emiliano Zapata | Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt (by/for the peasants) for agrarian reforms (1879-1919) |  | 30 |
| 6135616954 | British East India Company | Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch | 31 | |
| 6135616968 | Muhammad Ali | Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849) | 32 |
