These are the definitions from the Barron's Flash Cards for AP World History. They are the remaining cards from 1750-1914.
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| 66230816 | Direct vs. Indirect Control (of colonial possessions) | As European nations tries to extend their authority over weaker lands, they needed to determine if their rule was direct or indirect. Direct: the colony is under control by the mother country as a result of conquest. Indirect: the colony was given a degree of autonomy (independence) | 0 | |
| 66230817 | Sepoy Rebellion | A revolt led by Indian soldiers against the BEIC in protest of rules that threatened their religious traditions. The Rebellion broke out, then was quickly ended, allowing the British government to take direct political control of India. | 1 | |
| 66230818 | Indian National Congress (INC): Origins | Nationalist group formed in British India by upper-class Hindus. Sought to serve all Indians, although it was mostly middle/upper class Hindus. Called for Indian self-rule. | 2 | |
| 66230819 | King Leopold | King of Belgium who established the Congo Free State in Africa. Used forced labor to ensure the profitability of rubber plantations. Working conditions were harsh, and by public protests, the Congo Free State was put under the control of the Belgium government. | 3 | |
| 66230820 | Berlin Conference (1884-1885) | A meeting of European powers in which the rules for colonizing Africa were established: European powers had to notify one another of their intentions to take control of an area. | 4 | |
| 66230821 | Opium War: Causes | Conflict between Britain and China over sale of Opium. China had a balance of trade; Europeans demanded Chinese goods (silk & tea). BEIC began importing opium into China which threatened trade balance for China. In 1839, Lin Zexu tried to ban opium which caused the British military to take action. | 5 | |
| 66230822 | Opium War: Results | Britain's superior military led to victory and the signing of unequal treaties. Treaty of Nanjing required China to pay for the cost of the war and destroyed opium. They too had to open ports to foreign trade, give up Hong Kong to Britain. Treaties weakened China economically, causing others to take advantage to this. | 6 | |
| 66230823 | Taiping Rebellion (1850s and 1860s) | A rebellion by Chinese peasants that threaten the Qing dynasty. The rebellion failed, but lead the Qing dynasty to make reforms due to all the destruction and death. | 7 | |
| 66230824 | Self-Strengthening Movement | Reforms signed by Qing which lead to the introduction of Western technology in hopes of modernizing the nation. The reforms had limited success; China remained an agrarian-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought. | 8 | |
| 66230825 | Spheres of Influence | Area of economic influence/control within China (19th century). Foreigners had originally took advantage of a weakened China, but eventually Western powers (along with Germany & France) gained exclusive trading rights within China. Nationalism increased. | 9 | |
| 66230826 | Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) | Internal rebellion led by the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence. It further weakened the ruling family, who would be overthrown by Chinese nationalists within a decade. | 10 | |
| 66230827 | Monroe Doctrine | Articulated in 1823 as part of US foreign policy, it sought to limit European interference in the Americas. In it's later years, it provided justification for the US to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. | 11 | |
| 66230828 | Spanish-American War (1898-1899) | In response to the destruction of a US ship in Havana's harbor and under the quise of protecting American business interests in Cuba, as well as the interest of those Cubans suffering under Spanish rule, the US declared was on Spain. US defeated Spain and gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. US emerged as an imperial power. | 12 | |
| 66230829 | U.S. Open Door Policy | US foreign policy that sought equal trading rights for all nations trading in China and commercial advantages for US business. Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 because the US was one of the few imperial powers that didn't have a sphere of influence in China. | 13 | |
| 66230830 | Panama Canal | Built through the Isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. | 14 | |
| 66230831 | Opening of Japan | Forced to open up to the world following the arrival of US Commodore Matthew Perry. The US wanted to find new markets following industrialization, and Japan offered new economic opportunities. Treaty of Kanagawa opened Japan trade, ending Japanese isolation. | 15 | |
| 66230832 | Meiji Restoration | Emperor remained with the most control while a centralized government was established with a new constitution with a two-house system. Japan modernized its army and navy and improved health care and education system. | 16 | |
| 66230833 | Sino-Japanese War | War fought between China and Japan for control over Korea. | 17 | |
| 66230834 | Russo-Japanese War | Imperial rivalries led to armed conflict between Russia and Japan for control of parts of Korea and Manchuria. | 18 | |
| 66230835 | Bloody Sunday | In 1905 a peaceful demonstration at the Russian czar's winter palace in St.Petersburg turned violent when the czar's quards opened fire on the unarmed crowd. The protesters, led by a priest, wanted to present a petition to Czar Nicholas II asking for a representative assembly; instead many of the protesters were killed. | 19 | |
| 66230836 | Fall of the Qing | The signing of unequal treaties and internal rebellions had left the ruling family weak. Nationalism was on the rise, and in 1912, when the last Qing ruler resigned, Chinese nationalists called for a new government. | 20 | |
| 66230837 | Decline of the Ottoman Empire | Threats from Russia and Austria resulted in territorial losses. A shift from land to sea routes hurt the Ottomans economically. British and French interference slowed decline. By 1900, the Ottomans launched a series of unsuccessful reforms to save the empire. | 21 | |
| 66230838 | Muhammad Ali | Emerged as the ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798. Although Egypt was theoretically part of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans were not strong enough to prevent Ali from establishing an autonomous state. Modernized nation by focusing on military and industrialization. | 22 | |
| 66230839 | Armenian Genocide | The massive and deliberate killing of Armenian civilians by the Ottoman Turks. Nationalism had increased, causing the government to distrust its citizens. In the 1890s, the Turks targeted Christian Armenians, believing that they were supportive of Russia and not the empire. | 23 | |
| 66230840 | Mexican Revolution: Causes | Discontent after decades of limited social reform led Mexicans to demand for change. After they gained independence, Mexico had fell under the control of several dictators. Porfirio Diaz had improved Mexico's economy, but left them socially suffering. | 24 | |
| 66230841 | Mexcian Revolution: Results | In 1917, Mexico had adopted a new constitution that established land reform and granted rights to workers and women. Education and health care improved. | 25 |
