Chapter 17
From Gene to Protein
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| 14583186 | transcription | The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template | 0 | |
| 14583187 | messenger RNA (mRNA) | A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein | 1 | |
| 14583188 | translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded inan mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids | 2 | |
| 14583189 | ribosomes | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus | 3 | |
| 14583190 | RNA processing | Modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends | 4 | |
| 14583191 | primary transcript | An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene | 5 | |
| 14583192 | triplet code | A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains | 6 | |
| 14583193 | template strand | The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript | 7 | |
| 14583194 | codons | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code | 8 | |
| 14583195 | reading frame | On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis | 9 | |
| 14583196 | promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place | 10 | |
| 14583197 | terminator | In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA | 11 | |
| 14583198 | transcription unit | A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule | 12 | |
| 14583199 | transcription factors | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes | 13 | |
| 14583200 | transcription initiation complex | The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter | 14 | |
| 14583201 | TATA box | A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex | 15 | |
| 14583202 | 5/ cap | A modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule | 16 | |
| 14583203 | poly-A tail | A sequence of 50 to 2250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule | 17 | |
| 14583204 | RNA splicing | After synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA | 18 | |
| 14583205 | exons | A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed | 19 | |
| 14583206 | spliceosome | A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons | 20 | |
| 14583207 | ribozymes | An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing | 21 | |
| 14583208 | alternative RNA splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns | 22 | |
| 14583209 | domains | (1) A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. (2) An independently folding part of a protein | 23 | |
| 14583210 | transfer RNA (tRNA) | An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA | 24 | |
| 14583211 | anticodon | A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule | 25 | |
| 14583212 | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA | 26 | |
| 14583213 | ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes | 27 | |
| 14583214 | P site | One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. THe P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA) | 28 | |
| 14583215 | A site | One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA) | 29 | |
| 14583216 | E site | One of a ribosome's three b inding sites for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome (E stands for exit) | 30 | |
| 14583217 | polyribosomes (polysomes) | A grou pof several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule | 31 | |
| 14583218 | signal peptide | A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell | 32 | |
| 14583219 | signal-recognition particle (SRP) | A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER | 33 | |
| 14583220 | point mutations | A change in a gene at a single nucleotide paire | 34 | |
| 14583221 | base-pair substitution | A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides | 35 | |
| 14583222 | missense mutations | A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid | 36 | |
| 14583223 | nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorte rand usually nonfunctional protein | 37 | |
| 14583224 | insertions | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene | 38 | |
| 14583225 | deletions | (1) A deficiency in a hcromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide paris from a gene | 39 | |
| 14583226 | mutagens | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation | 40 | |
| 16599609 | gene expression | The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs | 41 |
