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| 239751945 | Popular Sovereignty | The principle that the settlers of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there. | |
| 239751946 | Jim Crow Laws | Post-Civil War laws and customs designed to discriminate against African Americans. | |
| 239751947 | Social Gospel | A nineteenth-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have the responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty. It was led by Christian ministers. | |
| 239751948 | Gospel of Wealth | Belief that the rich were the guardians of society's wealth and as such had a duty to serve society in humane ways. Andrew Carnegie was the foremost advocate of the Gospel of Wealth. | |
| 239751949 | Social Darwinism | Refers to the belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success. | |
| 239751950 | Frontier Thesis | Refers to the argument by historian Fredrick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic.He especially emphasized the importance of cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy. | |
| 239751951 | New immigrants | The massive wave of immigrants who came to America between 1880-1924. | |
| 239751952 | Nativism | Favored the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants. | |
| 239751953 | Know-Nothings | The first nativist political party who directed their hostility against Irish and German Catholic immigrants. | |
| 239751954 | Muckrakers | Early twentieth-century jounralists who exposed legal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban political bosses. Some muckraker leaders were Upton Sinclair, Jacobs Riis, and Ida Tarbell. | |
| 239751955 | Taylorism | A system of scientific management developed by Fredrick W. Taylor. It sought to develop a disciplined labor force by eliminating wasted motion. | |
| 239751956 | Vertical Integration | Occurs when a company controls both the production and distribution profits product. For example Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration to gain control over the U.S. steel industry. | |
| 239751957 | Horizontal Integration | Occurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same products. | |
| 239751958 | The Election of 1860 | Lincoln vs. Douglas vs. Breckinridge. Lincoln accepted slavery where it existed but opposed extension of slavery into the territories. The Democratic party was split between Breckinridge and Douglas.Northerners supported Douglas and popular sovereignty. Southerners supported Breckinidge and the extension of slavery into the territories and the annexation of Cuba. In the end Lincoln won the electoral vote, but not the majority of the popular vote. Led by South Caroline, seven Southern states succeeded from the Union. | |
| 239751959 | Civil War Northern Advantages | An extensive railroad network, a strong industrial base, a superior navy, a larger population, and an abundant food supply. | |
| 239751960 | Civil War Northern Disadvantages | A shortage of experienced and skilled military men and a divided population that did not fully support war. | |
| 239751961 | Civil War Southern Advantages | A defensive war fought on its home territory, a long coastline that would be difficult to blockade, an important cash crop in cotton, a group of experienced and skilled military commanders, and a close economic relationship with Great Britain. | |
| 240027891 | Civil War Southern Disadvantages | A smaller population than the North, a smaller industrial base than the North, | |
| 240027892 | The Importance of Border States | Strategic location and important industrial and agricultural resources. | |
| 240027893 | Key Border States of the Civil War | Kentucky and Maryland | |
| 240027894 | The Battle of Antietam | The Union victory that persuaded England and France to remain neutral. While both European powers saw advantages in a divided America, they followed a cautious policy towards both the North and the South. The Union victory enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. | |
| 240027895 | The Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln delayed issuing this document because he didn't want to antagonize slave owners in the Border States. The North originally went to war to preserve the Union; this document strengthened the Union's moral cause. It rallied anti-slavery support in England and France. It freed slaves in Confederates states that were in rebellion, however did not free slaves in the Border Slaves. | |
| 240027896 | Congressional Actions during the Civil War | They established a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency. It chartered two corporations-the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad-to build a transcontinental railroad connecting Omaha, Nebraska, with Sacramento, California. They passed the Homestead Act of 1862, and passed high tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition. | |
| 240027897 | Homestead Act of 1862 | Offered cheap-sometimes free-land to people who would settle the West and improve their property. | |
| 240027898 | Expansion of Presidential Power during the Civil War | Lincoln found that the war required active and prompt presidential action and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for everyone living between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia. | |
| 240027899 | The Thirteenth Amendment | Abolished slavery an involuntary servitude. It completed the work of the Emancipation Proclamation. | |
| 240027900 | The Fourteenth Amendment | Made the former slaves citizens, thus invalidating the Dred Scott decision. It provided for equal protection of the laws for all citizens and also enforced congressional legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves. | |
| 240027901 | Fifteenth Amendment | This amendment provided suffrage for Black males and women. | |
| 240027902 | Causes of Radical Reconstruction | The fact that former Confederates were elected to Congress, black codes were enacted in Southern states, race riots broke out in New Orleans and Memphis, and there were attempts in the South to undermine the Fourteenth Amendment. | |
| 240027903 | Programs and Policies of Radical Reconstruction | Military occupation of the South was permitted, punishment of Confederate leaders became policy, restrictions were placed on the power of President Andrew Johnson, and the House of Reps impeached Johnson because he obstructed enforcement of the Reconstruction Acts. | |
| 240027904 | Achievements of Radical Construction | Public school systems in the southern states were improved, and African Americans were elected to the House and Senate. |
