APUSH Chapter 25 (Enduring Vision) Americans and a World in Crisis, 1933-1945
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| 1257463814 | "Good Neighbor" Policy | This policy, which was implemented by President Roosevelt, renounced any nation's right to intervene in the affairs of another. | 0 | |
| 1257463815 | Benito Mussolini | Dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943, Mussolini suppressed dissent and liberty, imposed one-party rule and strictly controlled business and labor. | 1 | |
| 1257463816 | Adolf Hitler | German chancellor who imposed a brutal dictatorship on Germany and began a program to purify it of Jews - whom he considered an "inferior race" responsible for Germany's defeat in World War I. | 2 | |
| 1257463818 | Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition | 3 | |
| 1257463819 | Winston Churchill | Prime Minister of Britain from 1940 - 1955., A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. | 4 | |
| 1257463820 | Lend-Lease Program | program proposed by Roosevelt to supply war materiel to cash-strapped Britain. | 5 | |
| 1257463821 | Atlantic Charter | Document that condemned international aggression, affirmed the right of national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of free trade, disarmament, and collective security. | 6 | |
| 1257463822 | War Production Board (WPB) | Government agency which allocated materials, limited the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among manufacturers | 7 | |
| 1257463823 | Office of Price Administration (OPA) | Government agency that rationed scarce products and imposed price and rent controls to check inflation. | 8 | |
| 1257463824 | Manhattan Project | Secret program launched to develop the atomic bomb. | 9 | |
| 1257463825 | Operation OVERLORD | Invasion led by General Eisenhower. Troops stormed a sixty-mile stretch of the Normandy coast in the largest amphibious invasion in history on June 6, 1944 (D-Day). | 10 | |
| 1257463826 | Battle of the Bulge | Month-long military offensive led by Hitler. Named for the eighty-mile-long and fifty-mile-wide "bulge" that the German troops drove inside the American lines. | 11 | |
| 1257463827 | Rosie the Riveter | Symbol of the woman war worker, who was characterized by her bulging muscles and the pneumatic gun she held. | 12 | |
| 1257463828 | A. Philip Randolph | Organizer of the "thundering march" of one thousand blacks on Washington to protest discrimination in the armed forces. His efforts led to FDR to compromise on this issue. | 13 | |
| 1257463829 | Braceros | Mexican farm laborers brought into the United States under contract for seasonal work who are then expected to return to their country | 14 | |
| 1257463830 | Internment Policy | The confinement of about thirty-seven thousand first generation Japanese immigrants (Issei) and nearly seventy-five thousand native-born Japanese-American citizens of the United States (Nisei) in "relocation centers" guarded by military police. | 15 | |
| 1257463831 | Yalta Accords | Agreement reached at Yalta Conference by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin., Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula. | 16 | |
| 1257463832 | Holocaust | The name given to the systematic effort of the Nazis to annihilate all European Jews. | 17 | |
| 1257463833 | Potsdam Declaration | Ultimatum Truman gave to Japan to surrender unconditionally or face "prompt and utter destruction." | 18 | |
| 1334775571 | Stimson Doctrine | 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. The United States would not recognize Manchukuo as a country | 19 | |
| 1334775572 | Pan-American Conferences | 1933 - US delegation pledges to cease interventions in the internal affairs of Latin America 1936 - Buenos Aires - FDR attended - pledged to submit future disputes to arbitration, and to unite Latin America and North America if Germany attempted to attack | 20 | |
| 1334775573 | London Economic Conference | Consisting of 66 nations meeting in the summer of 1933, it revealed how thoroughly Roosevelt's early foreign policy was subordinated. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. Because of a message that Roosevelt sent to the conference that scolded the conference, the delegates adjourned empty-handed. The collapse of the London Conference strengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism. | 21 | |
| 1334775574 | Tydings-McDuffie Act | (FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. | 22 | |
| 1334775576 | Nye Committee | 1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death." | 23 | |
| 1334775578 | Spanish Civil War | In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco. | 24 | |
| 1334775580 | Quarantine Speech | The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism. | 25 | |
| 1334775582 | Appeasement policy | A policy advocated by the British and French toward the Germans following World War I. The hope was to maintain peace by allowing Hitler to annex the Sudentenland region of Czechoslovakia. | 26 | |
| 1334775584 | blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939, German lightning warfare. Characterized by highly mobility and concentrated forces at point of attack. | 27 | |
| 1334775586 | Munich Conference | 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. | 28 | |
| 1334775588 | cash and carry policy | 1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power. | 29 | |
| 1334775590 | Selective Service Training Act (1940) | All American males between 21 and 35 registered for service 1.2 million drafted and trained in one year | 30 | |
| 1334775592 | Smith v Allwright | A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. | 31 | |
| 1334775594 | Korematsu v US | 1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor | 32 | |
| 1334775596 | Pearl Harbor | 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II. | 33 | |
| 1334775598 | Battle of Midway | In 1942, the U.S. went through a collective effort to crack Japanese military codes, called "Magic." The commander in charge had a hunch that the next place of Japanese invasion would be the island of Midway because it was strategically important. So the commader had the U.S. marines radio that they were low on fresh water, which the Japenese heard on the radio and then in result signaled that "AF was low on fresh water." They were able to break the codes and figure out midway was the next place of japanese invasion. The battle took place in 1942, with the U.S. Navy waiting for japan's attack and within the first 5 minutes of the battle the U.S. sunk 3 japanese aircraft carriers. The significance of the Battle of Midway is that it turns the tide of the pacific war, there is now an offensive war for the U.S., and Japan's navy never recovers. | 34 | |
| 1334775600 | Iwo Jima | 450 miles from Japan, possible a good Allied base from which to attack Japan. There were 21,000 Japanese killed, 4,000-7,000 Americans died, and 15,000-19,000 were wounded. Known for the famous photo capturing the raising of American flag on Mt. Suribachi. | 35 | |
| 1334775602 | Okinawa | The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. | 36 | |
| 1334775604 | Douglas MacArthur | (1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman. | 37 | |
| 1334775606 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | 1890-1969, American General during WWII. He began by leading the Allied troops in Operation Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa, in which he succeeded. He then became the commander of the Allied forces in Europe. He became president in 1953. | 38 | |
| 1334775608 | J. Robert Oppenheimer | lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb." | 39 | |
| 1334775610 | Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. | 40 | |
| 1334775612 | Nagasaki | Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945. | 41 | |
| 1334775614 | Big Three | allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt | 42 | |
| 1334775616 | United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. | 43 | |
| 1334775618 | Marshall Plan | ..., A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. | 44 | |
| 1334776417 | Neutrality Acts | The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent. This displayed that America was not willing to go to war and desired to remain neutral and isolationist. | 45 | |
| 1334776418 | America First | A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker. | 46 |
