Campbell 9e AP - Chapter 1, Intro: Themes in the Study of Life
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| 450651272 | evolution | process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today | 1 | |
| 450651273 | biology | scientific study of life | 2 | |
| 450651274 | properties of life | order, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, and regulation | 3 | |
| 450651275 | themes | new properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchy, organisms interact w/their environment - exchanging matter and energy, structure and function are related, cell is basic unit of life, DNA ensures continuity of life, feedback systems regulate life, EVOLUTION | 4 | |
| 450651276 | levels of biological organization | biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs/organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules | 5 | |
| 450651277 | biosphere | all life on Earth and everywhere it exists | 6 | |
| 450651278 | ecosystem | living/nonliving things in a particular area | 7 | |
| 450651279 | community | organisms in an ecosystem | 8 | |
| 450651280 | population | individuals of a species in a specified area | 9 | |
| 450651281 | organism | individual living thing | 10 | |
| 450651282 | organ systems/organs | teams of body parts that carry out function | 11 | |
| 450651283 | tissue | group of cells that work together to perform specialized function | 12 | |
| 450651284 | cell | life's unit of structure and function | 13 | |
| 450651285 | organelle | functional component in a cell | 14 | |
| 450651286 | molecule | chemical structure of 2 or more atoms | 15 | |
| 450669731 | New properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchy | emergent properties, reductionism, systems biology | 16 | |
| 450651287 | emergent properties | come from arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases; thoughts/memories are emergent properties of network of nerve cells, photosynthesis is emergent property of molecules in chloroplasts, oxygen cycle is emergent property of network of organisms interacting w/each other/soil/water/air | 17 | |
| 450669732 | reductionism | reducing complex systems to simpler components that are easier to study; Watson and Crick studied molecular structure of DNA to understand how it is chemical basis of inheritance | 18 | |
| 450669733 | systems biology | model behavior of biological systems based on study of interactions among system's parts, balance reductionist strategy w/objective of understanding emergent properties | 19 | |
| 450669734 | Organisms interact w/their environment - exchanging matter and energy | global climate change, O2/CO2 cycle, energy flow (photosynthesis/cellular respiration) | 20 | |
| 450669735 | Structure and function are related | analyzing structure shows function and vice versa; wing bones are strong and light | 21 | |
| 450669736 | Cell is basic unit of life | eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells | 22 | |
| 450669737 | characteristics of all cells | enclosed by membrane that regulates passage of material, DNA for genetic info | 23 | |
| 450669738 | prokaryotic cell | no nucleus to separate DNA from rest of cell, also lack other organelles; bacteria and archaea | 24 | |
| 450669739 | eukaryotic cell | subdivided by internal membranes into organelles, largest is nucleus (contains cell's DNA), others located in cytoplasm | 25 | |
| 450669740 | DNA ensures continuity of life | DNA, genomics, all life has same genetic code but arranged differently | 26 | |
| 450669741 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, cell's genetic material; makes genes (units of inheritance that transmit info to child) | 27 | |
| 450669742 | chromosome | 1 long DNA molecule w/genes that encode info to build proteins (build/maintain cell and carry out activities) | 28 | |
| 450669743 | protein | build/maintain cell and carry out activities; cell membrane, hormone that stimulates growth, antibodies, enzymes | 29 | |
| 450669744 | cell division with DNA | start as 1 cell w/DNA from parents; DNA replicates as cell divides further and further | 30 | |
| 450669745 | structure of DNA | 2 strands arranged in double helix, made up of 4 types of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine) like letters in alphabet | 31 | |
| 450669746 | gene expression | process in which gene info directs production of cellular product; RNA transcribes nucleotides along gene, which translates into specific protein | 32 | |
| 450669747 | genome | entire "library" of genetic instructions, genes + noncoding nucleic acid sequences | 33 | |
| 450697702 | genomics | study of whole sets of genes & interactions w/in species, + genome comparisons between species | 34 | |
| 450697703 | 3 research developments that make genomics possible | "high-thoroughput" tech that analyze biological materials quickly and produce lots of data, bioinformatics - use computers to store/organize/analyze data, interdisciplinary research teams | 35 | |
| 450697704 | Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems | negative/positive feedback | 36 | |
| 450697705 | negative feedback | accumulation of end product slows process; when too much ATP is made, excess ATP inhibits enzyme near beginning of pathway | 37 | |
| 450697706 | positive feedback | end product speeds up its production; less common; blood vessel injured, platelets cluster at site, chemicals released by platelets attract more platelets, creates clot | 38 | |
| 450697707 | Evolution accounts for unity/diversity in life | today's organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors, so unity bc common ancestor, diversity bc heritable changes have occurred | 39 | |
| 450697708 | taxonomy | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species | 40 | |
| 450697709 | 3 domains | bacteria - most diverse prokaryotes, archaea - prokaryotes in extreme environments, eukarya - all eukaryotes | 41 | |
| 450697710 | bacteria | prokaryotes classified into multiple kingdoms | 42 | |
| 450697711 | archaea | prokaryotes in extreme environments ie salty lakes, boiling hot springs, multiple kingdoms | 43 | |
| 450697712 | plantae | terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis | 44 | |
| 450697713 | fungi | eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from surroundings | 45 | |
| 450697714 | animalia | multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms | 46 | |
| 450697715 | protists | mostly unicellular eukaryotes, not really a kingdom, some protists more related to multicellular eukaryotes than each other | 47 | |
| 450697716 | The Origin of Species | "descent with modification" and "natural selection" | 48 | |
| 450697717 | descent with modification | modern species descend from common ancestors; unity from common ancestors, diversity from modifications | 49 | |
| 450697718 | natural selection | mechanism for descent w/modification; individuals w/inherited traits best suited to environment are more likely to survive/reproduce, which spreads trait in population leading to adaptation to environment | 50 | |
| 450697719 | observations that led to natural selection | 1. individuals in population have varying heritable traits, 2. population produces more offspring than environment can support = competition, 3. species are adapted to their environment | 51 | |
| 450697720 | tree of life | ancestral species split/evolve when isolated in dif environments | 52 | |
| 451535335 | 3 assumptions | 1. natural causality, not supernatural 2. natural laws don't change 3. common perception (rely on what you observe, not what you think) | 53 | |
| 450697721 | science | way of knowing; approach to understanding natural world | 54 | |
| 450697722 | inquiry | search for info/explanation | 55 | |
| 451535336 | scientific method | 1. ID problem (background research) 2. make hypothesis (if...then) 3. design and implement valid (controlled) experiment to test hypothesis 4. make conclusion | 56 | |
| 450697723 | observation | use senses to gather info | 57 | |
| 450697724 | data | recorded observations, info on which scientific inquiry is based | 58 | |
| 450697725 | qualitative | recorded descriptions | 59 | |
| 450697726 | quantitative | numerical measurements | 60 | |
| 450697727 | inductive reasoning | derive generalizations from many specific observations; "sun always rises in east" | 61 | |
| 450697728 | hypothesis | tentative answer to well-framed question, explanation on trial, rational accounting for set of observations (based on data and guided by inductive reasoning), leads to testable predictions; must be testable and falsifiable | 62 | |
| 450697729 | deductive reasoning | make predictions using generalizations; used after hypothesis has been developed | 63 | |
| 450697730 | Can a hypothesis be proved w/out a doubt? | no, bc it's impossible to test ALL alternative hypotheses; hypotheses gain credibility by surviving multiple attempts to prove wrong and alternative hypotheses are falsified by testing | 64 | |
| 450697731 | Why can't science explain the supernatural? | science requires natural explanations for natural phenomena | 65 | |
| 450697732 | mimicry in snake populations experiment | hypothesis: mimicry (look like poisonous species but are harmless) bc reduces risk of being eaten when predators mistake for poisonous species prediction: mimicry will protect nonvenomous kingsnakes only in regions where venomous coral snakes live experiment: control group - plain brown artifical snakes, experimental group - kingsnake-patterned snakes, placed in regions w/ and w/out coral snakes | 66 | |
| 450697733 | controlled experiment | compare experimental group w/control group; ideally differing in only one factor; irl unwanted variables controlled by canceling out effects w/control groups, not eliminating them | 67 | |
| 450697734 | repeatability | observations/experimental results must be repeatable to gain credibility | 68 | |
| 450697735 | scientific theory | broader than hypothesis, can spin off more hypotheses, supported by greater body of evidence; can be modified or rejected | 69 | |
| 450697736 | model organism | species easy to grow in lab that suits question being investigated | 70 | |
| 450697737 | science vs technology | understand nature vs apply knowledge for purpose, discovery vs invention, curiousity vs want/need | 71 | |
| 450697738 | diversity | results in progress | 72 |
