These modern european history terms are for Montgomery Bell Academy's 1st semester regulars modern european history exam.
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| 272762513 | Black Death | Pandemic of the bubonic plague in Europe in the 1330's -1350's. Killed 30-60% of Europe's population. Many Christians blamed the Jews for this disease and caused many religious cults such as the flagellants. | 0 | |
| 272762514 | Anti-Judaism | The blaming of the Jews for the Black Death. Originated from the fact that Poland, which had a large Jewish population, was unaffected by the plague. | 1 | |
| 272762515 | Feudalism | A medieval form of hierarchical government that had the king at the top dividing the land between nobles who pledged allegiance to him. They then divided their land amongst the vassals who swore allegiance to their nobles. The vassals had fiefs that they controlled where peasants worked in the fields harvesting crops for themselves and the nobles. | 2 | |
| 272762516 | Joan of Arc | Led the French armies to several key victories in the Hundred Years' War and paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII. The French began to fear she had too much power so they allowed her to be captured by the English where she was tried and convicted as a witch and burned at the stake. She became a Roman Catholic saint after her death. | 3 | |
| 272762517 | Boniface VIII (Unam Sanctam) | Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who wrote the "Unam Sanctam" which said that the only temporal authority is the spiritual authority, which is the Roman Catholic Church. | 4 | |
| 272762518 | Marsiglio of Padua (Defender of the Peace) | An Italian scholar who was trained in many professions and was a major political figure during the 14th century and Middle Ages. His work "Defender of the Peace" laid the foundation for modern doctrines of sovereignty. The doctrine stated that temporal authority should be controlled by the state and that the state government was the protector of the people. | 5 | |
| 272762519 | Council of Constance | Held in the early 15th century resolved the problem of the Roman Catholic Church having multiple Popes and consolidating back down to one Pope. Also they condemned Jan Hus, a major Reformation priest, to death. Pope Martin V was elected | 6 | |
| 272762520 | Patron | A person in the Renaissance who focuses on arts and funding and buying art. | 7 | |
| 272762521 | Burgher | A patron that can vote. | 8 | |
| 272762522 | Florence | A center of art and trade during the Renaissance, was one of the wealthiest cities in Italy. Birth place of the Renaissance and was ruled by the powerful banking family, the Medici. | 9 | |
| 272762523 | Humanism | The study of classical works during the Renaissance. | 10 | |
| 272762524 | Classicism | A reverence of antiquity in the art of the Renaissance. | 11 | |
| 272762525 | Secularism | The belief that the Church and State should be separate, idea developed during the Renaissance. | 12 | |
| 272762526 | Vernacular | The language spoken by the people, debate whether or not the Bible should be translated into the _____ of regions from the traditional Latin. The Catholic Church opposed the translation while people like Luther and Calvin very much encouraged spreading the word of God to everyone. | 13 | |
| 272762527 | Petrarch | Renaissance scholar, poet and humanist. Called the "Father of Humanism". His form of sonnet became the model for lyrical poetry. | 14 | |
| 272762528 | Dante | Renaissance poet and prose writer. Best known for his work "The Divine Comedy", which included "The Inferno". This work is considered the greatest work ever written in the Italian language and one of the masterpieces of world literature. | 15 | |
| 272762529 | Boccaccio (Decameron) | Renaissance author, poet, humanist, and friend of Petrarch. Most notable work the "Decameron", which was a compilation of many stories. | 16 | |
| 272762530 | Castiglione | The quintessential "Renaissance Man" was an author, scholar, inventor, and political activist. | 17 | |
| 272762531 | Machiavelli (The Prince) | A historian, philosopher, humanists, and writer from the Italian city of Florence. His most notable work was "The Prince", which stated his political beliefs that the leader of a country should be feared not loved to be effective. | 18 | |
| 272762532 | Michelangelo | A Renaissance painter, some of his most famous work was "The Last Judgment" in the Sistine Chapel. | 19 | |
| 272762533 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian Renaissance painter, inventor, sculptor, architect, his two most famous paintings were the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper". He is considered the quintessential Renaissance man because of his talents in the many aspects of the arts. | 20 | |
| 272762534 | Northern Renaissance | Focused on countries outside of Italy, mostly the Netherlands and Scandinavia. The art focused on everyday scenes and hyperealistic depictions of people and places. | 21 | |
| 272762535 | Erasmus (In Praise of Folly) | Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and theologian. His book "In Praise of Folly", describes his idea of the perfect ruler. He believes that a ruler should be loved by his people and from this love obedience and the king's power is derived. | 22 | |
| 272762536 | Thomas More (Utopia) | English lawyer, social philosopher, author and statesman. He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation. In his book "Utopia" he described his idea of the ideal society and political system. He opposed the King of England separating from the Catholic Church and becoming the supreme head of the Church of England. | 23 | |
| 272762537 | Johann Gutenberg | German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer and publisher who introduced the movable type printing press. With this invention books most importantly, The Bible, were much easier to mass-produce in the vernacular. | 24 | |
| 272762538 | Martin Luther | German priest, professor of theology, and icon of the Protestant Reformation. He confronted the Catholic Church's policy of selling indulgences and said that faith alone was the only way to salvation. By the principles stated in his 95 theses he started his new religion of Lutheranism. He was excommunicated by the Catholic Church and condemned as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor. | 25 | |
| 272762539 | Justification by Faith Alone | Luther's idea that indulgences did not gain a person salvation but faith alone made someone eligible for salvation. | 26 | |
| 272762540 | 95 Theses | Written by Martin Luther, stated everything he believed was wrong with the Catholic Church and was the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. | 27 | |
| 272762541 | Diet of Worms | Assembly that asked Martin Luther to recant his statements against the Church, which he refused to do, thus making him an outlaw in Germany. | 28 | |
| 272762542 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation, and member of the Hapsburg dynasty and Valois family. | 29 | |
| 272762543 | Peasants' War | War fought within the Holy Roman Empire for the right to worship their own religion. As a result of the war the Holy Roman Empire was broken up into regions where the noble of the area determined Catholicism or Lutheranism. | 30 | |
| 272762544 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555 ended the religious fighting within the Holy Roman Empire. Allowed the state princes' to decide between Lutheranism and Catholicism for their state's religion. Lutherans were given all of the rights that Catholics had. | 31 | |
| 272762545 | Anabaptists | Radicals during the Protestant reformation in Europe. They did not believe in government and took a very literal reading of the Bible. | 32 | |
| 272762546 | John Calvin | French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. His most famous work was "The Institutes of the Christian Religion". | 33 | |
| 272762547 | Predestination | Calvinist idea that God already knows whether or not a person will be saved that a person is predestined to heaven or hell. | 34 | |
| 272762548 | Council of Trent | Meeting of Catholic officials to discuss how to react to the Protestant Reformation. The meeting decided to remain faithful to the tradition of the Catholic Church and reorganized itself and became one unified Church again. | 35 | |
| 272762549 | Jesuits (Society of Jesus) | Extreme Catholics that are created during the Counter Reformation. Abide to everything the Pope says. | 36 | |
| 272762550 | Henry VIII | King of England during the Protestant Reformation. Because the Catholic Church did not recognize divorce, he started the Church of England because he needed a male heir, which his current wife was incapable of producing. He also named himself the Supreme head of the Church of England; this new religion was called Anglicism. | 37 | |
| 272762551 | Act of Supremacy | The legal document that made Henry VIII the Supreme head of the Church of England and the Anglican religion. | 38 | |
| 272762552 | French Wars of Religion | Name given to the fighting between Protestants and Catholics in France during the Reformation. | 39 | |
| 272762553 | Huguenots | French Calvinists who were fighting for religious freedom in France. | 40 | |
| 272762554 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Many prominent Huguenots gathered in Catholic Paris for the marriage of King Charles' sister, Margret, to Henry of Navarre. The Huguenots were ambushed and massacred in the city. This was the main battle of the French Wars of Religion. | 41 | |
| 272762555 | Edict of Nantes | Issued by King Henry VI of France and gave Huguenots all the same religious rights that Catholics had. Ended the fighting of the French Wars of Religion. Same political rights were gained as well. | 42 | |
| 272762556 | Defenestration of Prague | Nobles of Bohemia declared their independence from the Holy Roman Empire by throwing the King, Archduke Ferdinand out of a window. Started the Thirty Years' War and the Bohemian Phase of the war. | 43 | |
| 272762557 | Peace of Westphalia (1684) | Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War; guaranteed German states freedom to chose their own religion (Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism); France received part of western Germany, part of Alsace, and the cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun. Hapsburg lost some power in German; Religion and politics were clearly separate. | 44 | |
| 272762558 | Ferdinand II | Part of the Hapsburg dynasty, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia during the Thirty Years' War. Deposed in Bohemia with the Defenestration of Prague. | 45 | |
| 272762559 | Motives (other wise known as the 3 G's God, gold, and glory) | Motives of the Age of Exploration were to spread the word of God via missionaries, to discover new wealth for their country and themselves, and glory for their family. | 46 | |
| 272762560 | Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal; responsible for the early development of European Exploration and maritime trade with other continents and thus helped Portugal become a world superpower. | 47 | |
| 272762561 | Christopher Columbus | Italian who sailed under the patronage of the Spanish monarchs. Sailed across the Atlantic in hopes of finding a new route to India but discovered the Americas Instead. | 48 | |
| 272762562 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer who was the first person to circumnavigate the world. Served Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spic Islands". | 49 | |
| 272762563 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Papal order that divided the newly discovered Americas between Spain and Portugal. Portugal received everything east of the line and Spain everything west. | 50 | |
| 272762564 | Conquistadores | Spanish soldiers, and adventurers that brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries. The most famous conquistadores were Hernan Cortes, who conquered the Aztec Empire, and Francisco Pizzaro, who conquered the Incan Empire. | 51 | |
| 272762565 | Smallpox | A deadly disease that the Europeans brought to the New World. Because the natives had little to no exposure to farming animals the way Europeans did, they had no immunity to the disease and it devastated their populations in the New World. | 52 | |
| 272762566 | Bartolome de Las Casas | 16th century Spanish historian, his works discussed how the natives were humans just like the Europeans and that they deserved the rights that the Europeans received. He also proposed the idea of obtaining slaves from Africa instead. | 53 | |
| 272762567 | Triangular Trade | Describes the system of trading during the 16th century. Europeans sent processed goods to Africa in exchange for slaves, which were sent to the New World to work in the fields and gather raw materials to send back to Europe to be processed. | 54 | |
| 272762568 | Enlightened Despotism | Idea that a strong central ruler was needed to keep the country stable, but still shouldn't oppress the natural rights of man. | 55 | |
| 272762569 | Mercantilism | Economic system developed during the 16th century. Focused on having more exports than imports to keep the economy positive and instead of the use of patrons, developed the use of joint-stock companies, which had many people invest a smaller amount of money for a venture. This proved to be much less risky. | 56 | |
| 272762570 | Partition of Poland | Dissolved Poland as a sovereign nation in the 18th century; divided between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. | 57 | |
| 272762571 | Divine Right of Kings | French idea and doctrine that states kings derive their power from God, therefore answer to no one but God. Most prevalent in the country of France. | 58 | |
| 272762572 | Louis XIV | Bourbon monarch who ruled France and Navarre. An adherent to the idea of divine right of kings; most famous for building the Palace of Versailles and developing the absolute monarchy in France. | 59 | |
| 272762573 | Versailles | Home to the King of France and many nobles; was a symbol of the absolute monarchy that France was ruled by. Developed here was the idea of rank and social manners more so than anywhere else at the time. By keeping all of the nobles busy with ridiculous rules and regulations, they forgot about their political duties allowing the King to rule absolutely. | 60 | |
| 272762574 | Edict of Fontainebleau | Aka The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes; took away the religious rights of the Huguenots and made France one unified Catholic nation. | 61 | |
| 272762575 | War of Spanish Succession | Fight over whether or not Spain should become a unified nation or not, specifically under one Bourbon monarch. Fought between Bourbon Philip V of Spain and Archduke Charles of Spain. France and Bavaria fought for Philip, and Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain and Dutch Republic fought for Charles. Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht and Spain became a unified nation under Philip V. | 62 | |
| 272762576 | Fredrick the Great (II) | King of Prussia during the late 18th century, an enlightened despot who was very interested in music and philosophy and not the art of war. Modernized Prussian bureaucracy and promoted religious tolerance throughout his dominion. | 63 | |
| 272762577 | Maria Theresa | Only female ruler of the Hapsburg dominions; ruled the Austrian- Hungarian Empire, under her rule Austria lost Silesia to Prussia in the War of Austrian Succession. | 64 | |
| 272762578 | Joseph II | Holy Roman Emperor, son of Maria Theresa, he was an enlightened despot, although he believed in Enlightenment ideas but because they were opposed by nobles nothing was done and his rule was a failure. | 65 | |
| 272762579 | War of Austrian Succession | A response to Maria Theresa taking over for her father after his death as Queen of Austria Hungry. Prussia and France were enemies of Austria and Great Britain and the Dutch Republic were its allies. Prussia took Silesia and Spain regained Italy. | 66 | |
| 272762580 | Seven-Years' War | War in western Europe dealing with the trading empires of the Hanovers (English) and the Bourbons (France and Spain), and also between the Hapsburg family (Holy Roman Empire) and Hohenzollerns (Prussia). | 67 | |
| 272762581 | Peace of Paris (1763) | Ended the Seven Years' War; most of the land exchanged was in the Americas. | 68 | |
| 272762582 | Peter the Great | Tsar of Russia, ruled along side his brother, Ivan. Sought to make Russia a western European power through expansion of the military. | 69 | |
| 272762583 | Saint Petersburg | Founded by Peter the Great, Imperial capital of Russia; important trade city because of location of the Baltic Sea. | 70 | |
| 272762584 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia: enlightened despot in theory, but after the peasant revolts she enforced even harsher laws on the serfs. | 71 | |
| 272762585 | Pugachev's Rebellion | Revolts by the serfs in Russia after Catherine the Great comes to power. Although it saw some early success it was soon squashed and the laws on the peasants were even more harsh than before. | 72 | |
| 272762586 | Pogrom | A form of mob riot, against a minority group, characterized by killing and destruction of their homes, properties, businesses and religious centers. | 73 | |
| 272762587 | Mehmet II | Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and was most known for conquering the long time Christian middle eastern stronghold of Constantinople, which brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. | 74 | |
| 272762588 | Janissaries | Christian children who were taken at birth and trained to be the personal protectors of the Sultan and swear loyalty to only the Sultan. | 75 | |
| 272762589 | Constantinople | Capital of the Byzantine empire in the middle east. Largest and wealthiest city in Europe at the time. Conquered by Mehmet II and renamed Istanbul. Last Christian stronghold in the Middle East. | 76 | |
| 272762590 | Elizabeth I | "The Virgin Queen" , Queen of England during the late 16th century and early 17th century, Supreme head of the Church of England. Allowed the Parliament more power than it had ever had. | 77 | |
| 272762591 | Book of Common Prayer | Book used during Anglican Communion. Taught priest how services were to be run. | 78 | |
| 272762592 | Anglican | Followers of the Church of England, believed everything that the Catholics believed. | 79 | |
| 272762593 | Presbyterian | Adheres to the Calvinism ideas of Protestantism, more congregational type of service. | 80 | |
| 272762594 | Puritan | Group of English Protestants extremists during 16th and 17th centuries. They wanted to remove all Catholic influences from the Anglican Church, were persecuted in England because they were seen as a threat. | 81 | |
| 272762595 | Charles I | King of England and Ireland and succeeded Elizabeth I. Where Elizabeth I had made the government more of a Constitutional Monarchy, Charles I swung the other way and went back to the absolute monarchy. | 82 | |
| 272762596 | Personal Rule | Time period where Charles I ruled England without having to answer to Parliament. Although technically Parliament had to approve all new taxes and Financing of wars, Charles just disregarded them and did as he pleased. | 83 | |
| 272762597 | Long Parliament | In 1640, enacted through an act of Parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of the members. Longest Parliament had sat in English history. Did not dissolve until the end of the English Civil War. | 84 | |
| 272762598 | Oliver Cromwell | Military and Political leader who temporarily overthrew the English monarchy and established a republican Commonwealth, in which he was Lord Protector. | 85 | |
| 272762599 | Commonwealth | A government founded for the common good of teh people. England became one after the monarchy was overthrown by Oliver Cromwell. | 86 | |
| 272762600 | Protectorate | The time period when England was a commonwealth and ruled by a Lord Protector (Cromwell). | 87 | |
| 272762601 | Restoration | The _________ of the monarchy in England and Charles II was named King of England. | 88 | |
| 272762602 | James II | King of England, Ireland, and Scotland; Last of the Catholic Kings in England, he fled England in fear for his life and thereby abdicating the throne and the people chose William of Orange as his successor. | 89 | |
| 272762603 | Glorious Revolution | The overthrow of King James II, in which the Parliaments asked William of Orange to invade England which he did successfully and took the thrown from James II. | 90 | |
| 272762604 | Bill of Rights | Under the rule of William (of Orange) and Mary, Parliament passed this document, which guaranteed free speech, required election to Parliament every few years, and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. | 91 | |
| 272762605 | Constitutional Monarchy | Governmental system in which the monarch acts as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution of some sort. | 92 | |
| 272762606 | (Nicolaus) Copernicus | 1473-1543. He was the first person to state that the Earth was not the center of the universe and that the planets revolved around the sun. He helped set off the start of the scientific revolution. | 93 | |
| 272762607 | (Johannes) Kepler | 1571-1630. He is best known for his theory on planetary motion. He said that the planetary orbits were elliptical not circular like popular belief. He was Brahe's assistant and used mathematics to prove his theories. His works were later used by Newton. | 94 | |
| 272762608 | Galileo | 1564-1642. He was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope, thereby inaugurating a new age in astronomy. With his telescope he made several discoveries: mountains and craters on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and sunspots. He demolished yet another aspect of the traditional cosmology in that the universe seemed to be composed of material substance similar to that of the earth rather than ethereal or perfect and unchanging substance. His work "The Starry Messenger" did more to make Europeans aware of the new picture of the universe than Copernicus and Kepler. | 95 | |
| 272762609 | Telescope | First used by Galileo to observe the universe. With this new invention, Galileo was able to see the craters on the moon and the four moons rotating around Jupiter. He also discovered that the rest of the universe was made up of the same materials as the Earth. | 96 | |
| 272762610 | (Isaac) Newton | 1642-1727. Born in the English village of Woolsthorpe. He invented calculus, began his investigations into the composition of light, and inaugurated his work on the law of universal gravitation. He was able to explain all motion in the universe with one law of gravitation. He wrote "Principia" in 1686. | 97 | |
| 272762611 | Principia | Academic journal written by Isaac Newton about his universal gravitation theory and laws of motion. Last academic journal written in Latin because philosophes emphasized use of the vernacular especially French. | 98 | |
| 272762612 | World-Machine | Newton's idea that the world is a perfect machine set into motion by God but then no longer tampered with. | 99 | |
| 272762613 | (Rene) Descartes | Influenced in mathematics: was a French philosopher and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. | 100 | |
| 272762614 | (Francis) Bacon | English statesman, philosopher who developed the scientific method during the Scientific Revolution. | 101 | |
| 272762615 | Scientific Method | A pragmatic system developed by Francis Bacon that he believed could be used to solve any problem. Hypothesis, experiment, observation, analysis. | 102 | |
| 272762616 | Pascal's Wager | Pascal's idea that people should live their life as if God exist, because if he does then you go to Heaven, but if he doesn't than nothing bad happens. | 103 | |
| 272762617 | Paradigm Shift | The changing of beliefs and assumptions based on experiments performed. | 104 | |
| 272762619 | Deism | Belief that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need of organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of an all powerful creator. But in this God cannot perform miracles. | 105 | |
| 272762621 | (Thomas) Hobbes | Was an English philosopher during the Enlightenment that focused on political philosophy. He is best known for his work "Leviathan", in which he says that mankind is naturally evil and corrupt and needs a strong central government to keep their natural tendencies in check. | 106 | |
| 272762623 | John Locke | Was an English philosopher during the Enlightenment philosopher. He was best known for his social contract theory, in which he said that people form governments for the good of the people in it and therefore the government has the responsibility to follow the general will of the people. | 107 | |
| 272762625 | Social Contract | Locke's idea that people form governments to protect the people and therefore the government has a responsibility to follow the general will of the people. | 108 | |
| 272762627 | Natural Rights | Enlightenment philosophers believed in a certain set of rights that they believed people were born with. Some of these included life, liberty, and the right to own property. | 109 | |
| 272762629 | Philosophe | 18th century intellectuals during the Enlightenment, who applied reason to many areas of learning including philosophy, history, science, economics, and politics. | 110 | |
| 272762630 | Montesquieu | 18th century Enlightenment thinker who was best known for his separation of powers theory, in which no one person is in control of all the power but instead the government is separated into branches and the power is shared. | 111 | |
| 272762632 | Voltaire | French Enlightenment writer, he is best known for his ideas on civil liberties, freedom of religion, and over all tolerance. | 112 | |
| 272762633 | Religious Toleration | Idea that people should not be persecuted based on the religion of their choice. | 113 | |
| 272762635 | (Denis) Diderot | French philosopher during the Enlightenment who is best known for his primary work "Encyclopedie". | 114 | |
| 272762637 | (David) Hume | Sottish philosopher, historian, and economist during the Enlightenment. He is known for his religious work in which he applied the Enlightenment ideas of empiricism and skepticism. He believed that miracles were illogical but that even if God didn't exist people would still need to make up a God to have a code to live by. | 115 | |
| 272762639 | (Jean) Rousseau | Enlightenment philosophe from Geneva. He was best known for his works "Emile" and "Treatise on Education". | 116 | |
| 272762641 | State of Nature | Enlightenment idea that questioned how government started and recognized that there must have been time before government. This theory suggested that nature acted as the government. | 117 | |
| 272762643 | General Will | The idea that the will of the people should be the driving force for the government and that they should follow the will of the people. | 118 | |
| 272762645 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment writer who was the founder of modern day feminism. In her "Vindication of the Rights of Women" she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but seem that way because they lack education. | 119 | |
| 272762647 | Adam Smith | Scottish social philosopher who developed lassie-faire economics and wrote the book "Wealth of Nations". He is considered as the father of modern economics and capitalism. | 120 | |
| 272762649 | Coffeehouse | Where many of the philosophes came to meet and discuss their new ideas. | 121 | |
| 272762650 | Salon | Meeting place much like a coffeehouse but is not a public place, one must be invited beause slons are in a person's home. | 122 | |
| 272762651 | Louis XVI | Bourbon monarch who ruled France and Navarre until his execution in 1793 at the end of the monarchical rule in France. | 123 | |
| 272762652 | Marie Antoinette | Archduchess of Austria and Queen of France and Navarre; married to Lois XVI and was also put to death at the end of the monarchical rule in France. | 124 | |
| 272762653 | Parlements | The local courts of the regions in France that had the power to not recognize any of the edicts that the King decrees. They do not agree to Louis XVI's new taxes that would have covered his debt, thus leading to the economic crisis and in turn the French Revolution. | 125 | |
| 272762654 | Estates General | The system in monarchical France that gave each one of the estates, clergy, nobility, and everyone else, separate assemblies. Each one received one vote in affairs. System dissolved after the French Revolution. | 126 | |
| 272762655 | Third Estate | 98% of France's population comprised of everyone who was not in the nobility or the clergy. | 127 | |
| 272762656 | Tennis Court Oath | Signed by all but one of the members of the Third Estate that were locked out of a meeting of the Estates General. | 128 | |
| 272762657 | Bastille | Stormed in July 179 and became a symbol for the French Republican Movement. | 129 | |
| 272762658 | Civil Constitution of Clergy | Law passed in 1790 in France that subordinated the Roman Catholic Church to the French government. | 130 | |
| 272762659 | Emigres | Nobles who fled France during the aftermath in the overthrow of the monarchy. | 131 | |
| 272762660 | (Maximilian) Robespierre | One of the most influential figures of the French Revolution; instrumental in the period of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror, was eventually arrested and executed. | 132 | |
| 272762661 | (Georges) Danton | Leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution; President of the Committee of Public Safety. | 133 | |
| 272762662 | Reign of Terror | A time of great violence after the onset of the French Revolution between two factions Girondins and Jacobins. | 134 | |
| 272762663 | Committee of Public Safety | Created by the National Convention in 1793 and was the de facto executive government during the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. | 135 | |
| 272762664 | Sans-culottes | Radical militants of the lower class in France during the French Revolution, made up the bulk of the Revolutionary Army during the early stages of the French Revolution. | 136 | |
| 272762665 | Olympe de Gouges | French playwright and political activist, feminist, and abolitionist. | 137 | |
| 272762666 | National Assembly | Transitional government from the Estates-Genereal to the National Constituent Assembly. | 138 | |
| 272762667 | National Convention | Comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly that sat from 1792 to 1795. It was the executive power in France and was the first government after the monarchy was abolished. | 139 | |
| 272762668 | Jacobins | Most famous and influential political faction during the French Revolution. Pushed for revolution. They were named for a convent in which they met. (_____ clubs) | 140 | |
| 272762669 | Girondists | The moderates in the French Revolution within the National Assembly, they were not definitely republican but were more left than the moderate royalists. | 141 | |
| 272762670 | The Mountain | A political group in France who held the highest offices in the assembly. | 142 | |
| 272762671 | Directory | Body of 5 Directors who held the executive power in France. | 143 | |
| 272762672 | Thermidorian Reaction | Revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution. The people were also searching for economic stability. | 144 |
