jsdflksndfnk
Terms : Hide Images
| 277006939 | Muslim | follower of Islam | 0 | |
| 277006940 | Muhammad | prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh trip in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632 | 1 | |
| 277006941 | Islam | Major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad | 2 | |
| 277006942 | Five pillars | the obligator religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 3 | |
| 277006943 | Bedouin | nomadic patoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 4 | |
| 277006944 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 5 | |
| 277006945 | Mecca | city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; orginal home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 6 | |
| 277006946 | Medina | also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca | 7 | |
| 277006947 | Abu Bakr | Muhammad's earliest follower and closest friend, caliph from 632 to 634 | 8 | |
| 277006948 | Battle of Siffin | fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 9 | |
| 277006949 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 10 | |
| 277006950 | Mu'awiya | new leader of Umayyads in 660, proclaimed as caliph in Jerusalem, directly challenging Ali's position | 11 | |
| 277006951 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 12 | |
| 277006952 | Dhimmi | literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive tern to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus | 13 | |
| 277006953 | Battle on the River Zab | victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 14 | |
| 277006954 | Ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 15 | |
| 277006955 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800 | 16 | |
| 277006956 | Pope Urban II | led the first crusade and appealed to Christians to mount the military assault to free the holy land from the Muslims | 17 | |
| 277006957 | Manors | where peasants lived; land owned by the lord; peasants worked on manor and did chores for the lords such as farming, etc. | 18 | |
| 277006958 | Feudalism | the social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service | 19 | |
| 277006959 | Manoralism | system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | 20 | |
| 277006960 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the middle Ages | 21 | |
| 277006961 | Three-field system | system of agriculture cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow | 22 | |
| 277006962 | Clovis St. Benedict | early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom | 23 | |
| 277006963 | Charles Martel | (Charles the Hammer) responsible for defeating the Muslims in the battle of Tours in 732 | 24 | |
| 277006964 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800 | 25 | |
| 277006965 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralize monarchy | 26 | |
| 277006966 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 27 | |
| 277006967 | Crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 28 | |
| 277006968 | Quetzalcoat l | Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god | 29 | |
| 277006969 | Huitzilopochtli | Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god | 30 | |
| 277006970 | Topiltzin | religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula. | 31 | |
| 277006971 | Nezhualcoyotl | leading Aztec king of the 15th century | 32 | |
| 277006972 | Human Sacrifice | Aztecs used this to worship gods; when human sacrifices were low, they used war captives | 33 | |
| 277006973 | Wendi | member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty | 34 | |
| 277006974 | Yangdi | second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his fater to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618 | 35 | |
| 277006975 | Li Yuan | also known as Duke of Tang; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynsty; took imperial title of Gaozu | 36 | |
| 277006976 | Jinshi | title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office | 37 | |
| 277006977 | Pure land Buddhism | emphasized Salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society | 38 | |
| 277006978 | Chan Buddhism | known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society | 39 | |
| 277006979 | Empress Wu | Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created | 40 | |
| 277006980 | Empress Wei | poisoned her husband who was a ruler during the Tang dynasty, so that her son may take over as ruler | 41 | |
| 277006981 | Wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840's; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology | 42 | |
| 277006982 | Neo | Confucian- revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences | 43 | |
| 277006983 | Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society | 44 | |
| 277006984 | Zhu Xi | Most prominent of neo- Conucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles of everyday life and action | 45 | |
| 277006985 | Foot binding | practice in Chinses society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movements; made it easier to confine women to the household | 46 | |
| 277006986 | Xuanzong | leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encourage overexpansion | 47 | |
| 277006987 | St. Benedict | started a monastary with Italian peasants who lived away from the worship of Apollo | 48 |
