3 - Western Civilization II: 1648 to the Present
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| 621521280 | The __________ Revolution, which occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries, brought many advances in astronomy and physics. | Scientific Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton made huge contributions to astronomy and physics which went against many of the leading scientific "facts" of the time and form the foundations of modern science. | 0 | |
| 621521281 | In astronomy, the ____________ theory was advanced by Copernicus in the sixteenth century. | heliocentric Copernicus lived from 1473-1543, and was a Polish astronomer. The heliocentric theory is that the planets revolve around the sun. Before Copernicus, it was commonly believed that the sun moved around the earth. | 1 | |
| 621521282 | The _________ was created by Galileo. | telescope He was a great Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist. By his persistent investigation of natural laws he laid foundations for modern experimental science, and by the construction of astronomical telescopes he greatly enlarged humanity's vision and conception of the universe. He gave a mathematical formulation to many physical laws. | 2 | |
| 621521283 | Galileo wrote "I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial bodies, while the earth _______ on its axis and revolves about the sun." | rotates Galileo argued that the testimony of biblical passages should not take precedence over observable facts. For these heresies, Galileo was called before the Inquisition in Rome in 1633 and forced to recant. His writings however, spread throughout Europe and fueled the ideas of the Scientific Revolution. | 3 | |
| 621521284 | Induction is a scientific reasoning that develops from the particular observed phenomenon, which may be parlayed into a general __________. | conclusion In other words, induction takes an observed result and from that forms a general theory or idea about how things work. It is the opposite of deduction, where you take a general truth and use that to come up with a specific conclusion. Inductive reasoning was introduced by Francis Bacon. | 4 | |
| 621521285 | _________ was the medieval mode of reasoning, which develops from the general expectation to the particular example as proof. | Deduction Deductive reasoning is sometimes contrasted with inductive reasoning. | 5 | |
| 621521286 | English thinker and politician _____________ was a proponent to the collection and observation of data, and wrote in his book Novum Organum that scientists must believe all things possible until all things could be tested. | Francis Bacon Bacon's theories are still taught in classrooms today as the scientific method. | 6 | |
| 621521287 | Francis Bacon invented the _________________, the development of knowledge through organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations. | scientific method Francis Bacon was a lawyer and lord chancellor in seventeenth century England. He encouraged scientists to acquire knowledge based on inductive principles and to benefit industry, agriculture and trade through contribution to the mechanical arts. | 7 | |
| 621521288 | The rise of modern science was associated with a definite world view and a system of values best known as ___________. | Rationalism Rationalism is comparable with deductive reasoning. | 8 | |
| 621521289 | ___________ was a mechanistic view of the universe that maintained that all things could be understood if people applied their reason. | Rationalism Rationalism is a philosophy that holds that reason alone, unaided by experience, can arrive at basic truth regarding the world. | 9 | |
| 621521290 | The most articulate spokesman for rationalism and materialism was ______________, who spoke of his mistrust of authority, both theological and intellectual. | René Descartes Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Descartes' methodology was a major influence in the transition from medieval science and philosophy to the modern era. | 10 | |
| 621521291 | The _________ was developed by Frenchman and mathematician Blaise Pascal, and proved that air pressure diminished with altitude. | barometer Blaise Pascal was a famous French mathematical genius and philosopher of the 17th century. He is known for his quote, "It is incomprehensible that God should exist, and it is incomprehensible that He should not exist." Pascal later abandoned his scientific work, devoting himself to philosophy and theology. | 11 | |
| 621521292 | Englishman Sir ____________ invented Calculus. | Isaac Newton The word calculus in Latin means a small counting stone. | 12 | |
| 621521293 | One of ____________'s greatest achievements was his formulation of his three Laws of Motion. | Isaac Newton's These laws are still used today. | 13 | |
| 621521294 | George Sand is the pen name for Madame ________. | Dudevant Using the male pen name George Sand, Madame Dudevant became a famous 19th century writer. | 14 | |
| 621521295 | An important invention that contributed to the Industrial Revolution was __________'s steam engine. | James Watt's James Watt invented his first steam engine in 1769. The Industrial Revolution is generally held to have occurred in Britain from 1780 to 1830. Many technological developments associated with the Industrial Revolution, such as the steam engine, actually occurred before 1780. | 15 | |
| 621521296 | _____________ influenced the understanding of human relationships, which had a vast impact on political and social theory. | Sigmund Freud Freud was an Austrian psychiatrist, and was known as the father of psychoanalysis. | 16 | |
| 621521297 | In the middle of the nineteenth century, the revolutionary theory of _________ reinforced competition on survival by contest. | evolution The theory of evolution was originally applied to biology, but was quickly adapted to economics, society, and politics. | 17 | |
| 621521298 | According to ______________'s theory of organic evolution, plants and animals all evolved over a long period of time from simple into more complex life forms. | Charles Darwin's Darwin believed that every species produced many more offspring than can possibly survive, resulting in intense competition among individuals for limited resources. Survivors adapted to their environment through chance genetic mutations which were passed on through inheritance. | 18 |
