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| 1076681470 | Cells | Specialized to obtain food and oxygen, and carry out specific functions. They are the basic unit of life, discovered by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek. All living things are composed by them, and they are the basic unit of structure and function. New cells are produced only by existing cells. | 0 | |
| 1076681471 | Tissue | A group of similar cells that perform a particular function. | 1 | |
| 1076681472 | Organs | Many tissues working together to perform a function. Groups of them (systems) work together to perform a specific task. | 2 | |
| 1076681473 | Robert Hooke | Published drawings of cork viewed through a microscope in 1665. | 3 | |
| 1076681474 | Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water in 1674. | 4 | |
| 1076681475 | Theodor Schwann | Concluded that all animals are made up of cells in 1830. | 5 | |
| 1076681476 | Matthias Schleiden | Concluded that all plants are made up of cells in 1838. | 6 | |
| 1076681477 | Rudolph Virchow | Proposed that all cells come from existing cells by cellular reproduction in 1855. | 7 | |
| 1076681478 | Viruses | Often thought of as living cells, but they cannot reproduce by themselves and they have no organelles. | 8 | |
| 1076681479 | Multicellular | Complex organisms with many cells. Cells are interdependent (cannot live on their own as they depend on each other). Each type of specialized cell performs a specific role within the organism, and has a different number of each organelle depending on its function (specialization). | 9 | |
| 1076681480 | Unicellular | Simple organisms with one cell. They are able to function despite lacking the levels of organization present in more complex organisms. The structures present in them act in a manner similar to the tissues and systems found in multicellular organisms, thus enabling them to preform life processes to maintain homeostasis. | 10 | |
| 1076681481 | Prokaryotes | Cells with no nucleus. They are smaller and simpler, and have cell membranes, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Ex: bacteria. | 11 | |
| 1076681482 | Eukaryotes | Cells with a nucleus. They are larger and complex, and have organelles. They may be uni or multi celled. Ex: Plants, Animals, and Fungi. | 12 | |
| 1076681483 | Organelles | Specialized, microscopic structures within cells. They are contained within the cytoplasm and have characteristic structures and functions. They may be membrane bound, or not. | 13 | |
| 1076681484 | Cell Wall | Strong layer on the outside of plant, algae, fungi and many prokaryotic cells (not animal). Supports and protects the cell, allowing water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through. Made from fibers of carbohydrates and proteins, like cellulose (tough carbohydrate fiber) found in paper. | 14 | |
| 1076681485 | Cell Membrane | Thin, flexible barrier around cells (inside cell wall) that provides protection and support. It helps maintain the chemical balance between materials inside and outside the cell by removing wastes from the cell. It is selectively permeable, allowing only certain material in or out of the cell. Made of a lipid bilayer with some proteins scattered throughout and carbohydrate chains. | 15 | |
| 1076681486 | Cytoplasm | The gel-like material inside the cell. It transports materials throughout the cell and holds organelles. It is constantly moving or flowing. | 16 | |
| 1076681487 | Cytoskeleton | A network of protein filaments that help keep the cell's shape and support it. It is involved in many forms of cell movement. It's microtubules are hollow tubes of protein that serve as tracks for moving organelles, form centrioles in animal cells to help separate chromosomes during division, and form cilia or flagella to move. It's microfilaments are long, thinner fibers functioning in support and movement. | 17 | |
| 1076681488 | Nucleus | Large structure that contains the cell's genetic material or hereditary information (DNA) and instructions for making proteins (RNA). Controls the cell's activities. Has chromatin and chromosomes. It contains a small, dense region called a nucleolus where ribosome assembly begins and is surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope with pores to allow material to move through (RNA). | 18 | |
| 1076681489 | Chromatin | Granular material visible within nucleus. It is made up of DNA bound to protein. | 19 | |
| 1076681490 | Chromosome | Formed by chromatin during cellular reproduction (genetic information). May be replicated (sisters) or singular (chromotid). Where two are joined, there is a centromere. They contain many genes. | 20 | |
| 1076681491 | Ribosomes | Made of RNA and protein. Builds (synthesizes) proteins from amino acids and RNA (coded instructions). | 21 | |
| 1076681492 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Internal membrane making parts of the cell membrane and modifying proteins. The rough ER has ribosomes to make proteins, which cross the ER membrane and enter the ER for chemical modification. The smooth ER lack ribosomes and contain enzymes to perform specialized tasks such as making lipids and breaking down toxins. | 22 | |
| 1076681493 | Golgi Apparatus | Stacked membranes with enzymes to package proteins by attaching carbohydrates and lipids. | 23 | |
| 1076681494 | Lysosomes | Small spheres filled with enzymes to break down molecules. They may break down lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from food into smaller particles to be used by the rest of the cell, or worn out organelles and wastes. | 24 | |
| 1076681495 | Vacuoles | Sac-like structure to store materials including water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Plant cells contain a large central vacuole with enough pressure to make the cell rigid, while animal cells contain smaller vesicles that transport substances | 25 | |
| 1076681496 | Chloroplasts | Use energy from sunlight with carbon dioxide and water to make food and oxygen through photosynthesis in plants. Has a double envelope membrane and contains the green pigment chlorophyll. It contains some of its own genetic information (DNA). May have originated as a free living organisms, but no longer has enough DNA to live alone. | 26 | |
| 1076681497 | Mitochondria | Uses food to make ATP for growth, development, and movement. Has a double envelope membrane and contains some of its own genetic information (DNA). May have originated as a free living organisms, but no longer has enough DNA to live alone. | 27 | |
| 1076681498 | Theory of Chloroplast Endosymbiosis | Free-living chloroplasts got caught inside a heterotroph and stayed there, as it created a symbiotic relationship where chloroplasts provided the food and the cell provided the protection. Over time it lost its ability to live independently. | 28 | |
| 1076681499 | Homeostasis | The process of maintaining a constant internal environment despite changing external conditions. | 29 | |
| 1076712591 | Fluid Mosaic Model | Model of the cell membrane that explains the interaction of phospholipids and proteins as they drift about each other in lateral (side to side) direction forming the cell membrane. Has a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads that attract water and hydrophobic tails that repel water. The transport proteins embedded within the bilayer assist in the passage of substances, while the receptor proteins bind to molecules that initiate cellular reactions. The carbohydrate chains (receptor molecules) help cells identify one another. | 30 | |
| 1076712592 | Passive Transport | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. May be diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion. It does not require energy. | 31 | |
| 1076712593 | Diffusion | Movement of liquid or gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without using energy to cross the cell membrane to reach equilibrium. Small, polar, uncharged molecules can pass through the membrane. Particles never stop moving. | 32 | |
| 1076712594 | Concentration Gradient | Exists when particles are in higher concentration in one area and lower in concentration in another. Causes movement of the molecules. | 33 | |
| 1076712595 | Equilibrium | When the rate of particle spreading is even throughout a given area. | 34 | |
| 1076712596 | Osmosis | The diffusion of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a selectively permeable lipid bilayer membrane without energy. When the transfer of water molecules into and out of the cell reaches the same rate, a state of equilibrium is reached. | 35 | |
| 1076712597 | Hypertonic | Solution has a lot of particles or solute in relation to another solution. Cell shrinks because water moves out of cell, as there's more water in the cell than in the solution. Water follows particles. | 36 | |
| 1076712598 | Hypotonic | Solution has fewer particles or solute in relation to another solution. Cell swells (can burst) because water moves into cell, as there's more water outside the cell than in it, or there's more solute in the cell than in the solution. | 37 | |
| 1076712599 | Isotonic | Equal solute particles in the solutions being compared. Cell stays the same. | 38 | |
| 1076712600 | Osmotic Pressure | The pressure inside the cell caused by osmosis. It is turgor pressure in a plant. Plants that are swollen with water are turgid. The loss of turgor pressure, causing plants to wilt, is plasmolysis. | 39 | |
| 1076712601 | Facilitated Diffusion | The movement of molecules across membrane through protein channels from an area of high concentration to low. Movement of molecules with the concentration gradient, using no energy. Proteins are selective. | 40 | |
| 1076712602 | Active Transport | Movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration against the concentration gradient using energy. Uses proteins also known as pumps to rid cells of accumulated substances that are insoluble inside the cell, rid the cell of molecules that are too big to escape, and transport important building blocks into the cell. Example: sodium-potassium pump. | 41 | |
| 1076712603 | Sodium-Potassium Pump | Responsible for the electrical activity of nerves and muscles. Sodium is pumped out of cell while potassium is pumped into it. One ATP molecule can pump out three sodiums and pump in two potassiums. | 42 | |
| 1076712604 | Endocytosis | Takes in large materials by forming pockets. Phagocytosis takes in large particles, while pinocytosis takes in liquids/fluids. It is active transport in which a cell encloses the substance in a membrane-bound vesicle that is pinched off from the cell membrane and taken in. | 43 | |
| 1076712605 | Exocytosis | Removes materials by fusing vacuoles. It is the reverse of endocytosis. Active transport in which materials contained in vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, burst, and are released outside. Used to release waste products. | 44 |
