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| 502618652 | James Madison | Father of the Constitution, 4th President of the United States, wrote the nineteen amendments of which ten were ratified, leads nation through War of 1812 | |
| 502618653 | Chisholm v. Georgia | The heirs of Alexander ----------(a citizen of South Carolina) sued the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court upheld the right of citizens of one state to sue another state, and decided against Georgia., 1793- Supreme Court ruled that a state could be sued in federal courts by nonresidents | |
| 502618654 | Quakers | A religious group that petitioned the US Government to abolish slavery before the 1808 provisions. | |
| 502618655 | George Washington | The first president of the United States. Set the tone for the presidency. He wanted national unity. | |
| 502618656 | Alexander Hamilton | emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington he immediately confronted the main problem facing the new government, namely its finances. In building support for his program,created the Federalist Party. In 1804, he was killed in a duel with his political nemesis, Aaron Burr | |
| 502618657 | Why was the Whiskey taxed? | Because it was cheaper to make the whiskey and ship it, than shipping the wheat to whiskey manufacturers. | |
| 502618659 | Gabriel's Rebellion | A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel. | |
| 502618660 | Gabriel Prosser | Was an enslaved blacksmith. He started the slave revolt. It failed and then the laws became more strict. | |
| 502618661 | John Adams | Second president of the US. Was the cause of the Quazi-War. | |
| 502618662 | Quazi War | Started because John Adams deliberately sabotaged the negotiations between the US and France by releasing documents. He replaced the 3 names of the French agents in the documents, naming them, X, Y, and Z. Which is now known as the XYZ documents. | |
| 502618665 | Matthew Lyon | Democratic Republican. Was the first victim of the Sedation Acts. He was arrested for making a printout that basically said (John Adams was power hungry.) He served 4 months in jail. During his sentence, he was re-elected. | |
| 502618666 | President Thomas Jefferson | A Democratic Republican. Referred to winning his presidency as the "Revolution of 1800's." He was the third president of the United States. Doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality | |
| 502618667 | John Marshall | He was Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. His rulings strengthened the role of the court and constantly upheld the sanctity of contracts and the supremacy of federal legislation over the laws of the states. Though he established the precedent of judicial review, he also clashed with presidents Jefferson and Jackson over questions of constitutional interpretation. | |
| 502618668 | Marbury v. Madison | A landmark case where John Marshall significantly increased the Supreme Court's power. William Marbury was named a justice of the Peace in Washington, D.C. James Madison, Jefferson's new secretary of state, declined to certify William Marbury's appointment so that the president (Thomas Jefferson) could instead appoint a Democratic Republican. Marbury sued, requesting a "writ of mandamus." Which was a court order, forcing the president to appoint him. | |
| 502789537 | George and Deborah Logan | Went to Paris to negotiate peace with the French to settle the Quasi-War. Was a priviate citizen, and his actions lead to the Logan Act, which prohibited private citizen from undertaking diplomatic missions. Wife defended her hubands actions while he was away. | |
| 502789538 | Revenue Act of 1789 | James Madison, representing Virginia in the House of Representatives, became influential in Congress. He persuaded congress to adopt the ____ ______ __ 1789, imposing a 5 percent tariff on certain imports. thus the first congress achieved an effective national tax law. | |
| 502789539 | Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. | |
| 502789540 | Judicary Act of 1789 | Established a federal court system. determined that these federal courts would have the power to reverse state decisions | |
| 502789541 | debate of slavery | Group of Quakers whated the freedom of slaves,The legislators went on to develop a positive defense of slavery, insisting that abolition would cause more problems than it solved, primarily by confronting the nation with how to deal with a sizable population of freed people. | |
| 502789542 | strict Constitution | Strict and doctrinal interpretation of the ---------- and its justification. Thomas Jefferson favored a strict interpretation of the ------------, which he interpreted as forbidding everything it did not expressly permit. In contrast, Hamilton favored a loose interpretation. | |
| 502789543 | Whiskey Rebellion | Rebellion in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania against the tax on whiskey, a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy | |
| 502789544 | Treaty of Alliance with France | In 1778 France offered Franklin a treaty of alliance that bound both parties to wage war until the United States had fully secured its freedom and until both agreed to terms with the common enemy, England. | |
| 502789545 | Citizen Edmond Genet | French representative who, against the Neutrality Proclamation, gathered armies against Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and Canada. | |
| 502789546 | Jay Treaty | Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley; Washington executive privileges, The power of the president to withwold information from congress if he believes it is warrented | |
| 502789547 | Alien and Sedition Acts | the alien act allowed the exportation of any alien believed to be a threat to national security and during times of war; sedition act made it a criminal offense to plot against the government -oppressed people's first amendment rights | |
| 502789548 | Election of 1796 | The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P | |
| 502789549 | XYZ Affair | When the French, outraged by Jay's treaty, begin violating the terms of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778, President John Adams sends over three secret go-betweens to talk with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. The demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order to merely talk with Talleyrand. led to Naval Battles between the two countries. But France, already at battling Britain, realized they did not wish to have one more enemy added to their roster. | |
| 502789550 | Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions | The _______ introduced the theory of interposition. They argued that if the federal government did something unconstitutional, the state could interpose and stop the illegal action. ________ advanced the theory of nullification. According to this, if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states could nullify it | |
| 502789551 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | |
| 502789552 | Esteban Rodriguez Miro | Louisiana governor very intelligent, soke seven languages, married a Louisiana woman. the population exploded under his rule, Ordered all slaves and free black women to wear head wraps rather than hats. | |
| 502809394 | Handsome Lake | A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men. Only by adopting the sexual divison of labor could they retain an autonomous existence. | |
| 506437103 | John Foss | captured by pirates in 1790s with group of 9 men and treated as white slave to black masters. wrote about experience, setting commercial minds spinning. spurred belief of western superiority over "barbarians" questioned whether americans could protect their citizens and commerce abroad | |
| 506437104 | Tripoli War | 1. from 1801-1805 2.--------declared war on US b/c US refused to pay tribute for safe passage of its ships on Mediterranean 3.1803: Jeff. declares naval blockade of Tripoli a. USS Philadelphia ran aground, all its soldiers & officers captured 4. 1805: treaty w/ -------- a. US pays $60.000 to free Philadelphia prisoners b. ends war 5. US still pays other 3 Barbary States tribute (Algiers, Morocco, & Tunis) until 1815 | |
| 506437105 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. | |
| 506437106 | War on Judiciary | Jefferson had Congress repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801. The Democratic-Republican Congress also impeached and removed Federal District Judge John Pickering. They could not, however, remove Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. precedent: only criminal behavior could warrant impeachment | |
| 506437107 | Louisiana purchase | The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. | |
| 506437108 | Lewis and Clark | Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. | |
| 506437109 | York | The African American slave who explored the Louisiana Purchase with Lewis and Clark. Became a celebrity with the Native-Americans who had never seen a black man before. | |
| 506437110 | Sacagawea | Shoshone woman who, along with her French fur-trapper husband Toussaint Charbonneau, accompanied and aided Lewis and Clark on their expedition | |
| 506437111 | The Partisan Press | Newspapers that were funded by political parties. The power in the press created bias and impartial coverage. Readers were limited by political position and limited by the limited to society's elite. | |
| 506437112 | Aaron Burr | An American politician in New York. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason for threating to break up the Union. | |
| 506437113 | The Prophet | a charismatic religious leader of the Native Americans, he experienced a mystical awakening in recovering from alcoholism, and inspired a religious revival that spread throughout tribes and helped unite them, and return to the old ways. | |
| 506437114 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribesalong with his brother, the Prophet. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | |
| 506437115 | War of 1812 | Also Know as Madison's War: Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. | |
| 506437116 | Dolly Madison | political figure throughout her husband's term, socially took over the white house because her husband was very shy and bookish, she was also the one who called the white house by it's name, the white house.saved valuable papers including Washington's portrait, Saved the original copy of the Constitution & the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 506437117 | USS Constitution | affectionately knows as Old Ironside - during the war of 1812 British cannonballs bounced off her thick wooden hull. | |
| 506437118 | Battle of New Orleans | Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. | |
| 506437119 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | |
| 506437120 | The Hutchinson Family | Performed patriotic, religious, and sentimental songs of popular music. Made upwards of a $1000 a night for a performance, selling nostalgia and reform. Exemplified the markets for the times in which goods and services in exchange for cash, and traveled around the country on the ever expanding rail system. | |
| 506437121 | Nationalist program | seen as way to unify the country, protective tariff to stimulate industry, southern cotton to new england mills, 2 national bank chartered. | |
| 506437122 | James Monroe | He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars | |
| 506437123 | McCulloch Vs Maryland | The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank. | |
| 506437124 | John Qunicy Adams | Faced major dipolmatic challenges that faced the US, and Clearly definded the borders of the US and Canada, and also the borders to the south, and aquired for Florida from the spanish. | |
| 506437125 | Fire Bell in the Night | part of quote by Thomas Jefferson that was revering to seriousness of the expansion of slavery if Missouri added as slave state (1819)Topic of slavery came up in Congress when Missouri wanted to enter Union as a slave state. would have extended slavery farther N. and shift political balance in Senate towards slave states. Maine was made a state to balance the slave free states if Missouri bacame a slave state. | |
| 506437126 | Boom and Bust | Rise in an economy, followed by a downturn as the economy falls due to items losing value. This is a cycle that the United States economy follows. A type of cycle economy where there are alternating periods of economic growth and shrinkage. During booms an economy will see an increase in its production and GDP (gross domestic product). During busts an economy will see a fall in production and an increase in unemployment. This is a cycle that the United States economy follows. | |
| 508903655 | Lieutenant Zebulon Pike | 1. 1806: sought source of Mississippi River & navigable H20 route West 2. ----- & co. wandered into Spanish territory in the South- held captive for sev. months in Mexico 3.after release, --- wrote an account of his experiences | |
| 508903656 | Timothy Pickering | 1.Older Feds remained opposed to popular appeals a.divisions among Feds. undermined success b. extremisim of some Older Feds. discredited the rest 2. MA Congressman & former Sec. of State a. opposed Louisiana Purchase, feared Jefferson's reelection, urged secession of New England in 1803-04 | |
| 508903657 | Josiah Quincy | opponent of the War of 1812; Federalist; opposed the admittance of Louisiana; did not support the War of 1812 b/c the U.S. was not strong enough; supported strengthening of the military; significant b/c of what he represents | |
| 508944292 | Impressment of American Sailors | A forced enrollment of recruits for military duty. After 1800, England restricted impressment mostly to naval service. The Napoleonic Wars increased English need for sea power and led to the impressment of a large number of deserters, criminals, and British subjects who had become naturalized Americans. Frequent interception of American ships to impress American citizens was a major cause of the War of 1812. | |
| 508944293 | Prophetstown | Town founded by Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet. It is located at the where the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. | |
| 508944294 | Embargo Act | signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports Many merchants, particularly in New England, suffered great financial losses, despite the dramatic rise in smuggling during these years. In the end, the this policy had little effect in compelling either France or Britain to respect American neutrality | |
| 508944295 | Election of 1808 | the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804. | |
| 508944296 | Samuel Slater | He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. | |
| 508989421 | Non-Intercourse Act | 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ship | |
| 508989422 | Burning of Washington | took place on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States of America. British forces occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg | |
| 508989423 | General William Harrison | led a military force in 1811- engaged Indians at Battle of Tippecanoe (where Tippecanoe Creek meets Wabash in Indiana) & destroyed hopes of Tecumseh's federation; Prophet recklessly ordered an assault on Harrison's camp on November 11, 1811; Harrison destroyed Prophetstown | |
| 508989424 | Andrew Jackson | He became a general in 1812 and was the leader in the Battle of New Orleans. Two weeks after he had won the battle | |
| 509349550 | Erie Canal | It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement | |
| 509349551 | Railroads | Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west. Made possible by advancements in gears and steam engine, goods and people could be transported more quickly and efficiently | |
| 509349552 | Women Paid Labor | Many sold eggs, dairy products, butter and cheese and sold produce at local markets. Their earnings became essential to the house hold income. Expanded to include clothes and other house hold commodities. | |
| 509349553 | Mechanization of Agriculture | Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, massively increasing farm output and farm worker productivity. | |
| 509349554 | Textile Mills | centered in New England, near sources of water to power spinning machines and looms. Cotton cloth production rose. More than 1/2 the workers were women. Unable to find enough laborers near mills, managers recruited farm daughters, whom they housed in boarding houses. To ease concerns, mill owners offered paternalistic oversight; they enforced curfews, prohibited alcohol, and required church attendance. Working conditions in mills got harder over time. Women aired their complaints in worker-run newspapers. Worker turnover weakened women's organizations efforts | |
| 509520900 | Factory Girl's Garland | Poem in 1844 that was used factory bells to emphiasize its incessant control, announced when they were to wake, eat, begin work, and go to sleep, night and day | |
| 509520901 | Gender Divisions in work | -the separation of men and women's work culture.Women and girls left home to work at the mills and the men who had once worked at hom now worked outside of home. - A result of large-scale manufacturing. -Social: the unpaid labor of women devalued, everyone was working, andcouldn't do household chores | |
| 509520902 | Americans on the Move | Most expansion went westward, however there were some that settled in the South setteling along the Mississippi River Valley, and down into Florida. There was also expansion to the North, moving into the Ohio Valley and to northern states, even Canada. | |
| 509520903 | Native American Resistance | constitution recognized Indian soverignty, but made no difference. Indians try to adapt to market economy, but get into debt, have to cede land, indian population fell. pressure from Georgia to remove natives, Creeks try to alter structure to survive, but fail. | |
| 509520904 | Cherokee Nation | Cherokees had adopted some white customs, could speak and read English and many had converted to Christianity. Aside from farming, they ran successful businesses such and grain and lumber mills. They established a government based on a written constitution and claimed status as a separate nation. | |
| 509520905 | Cherokee Vs. Georgia | In 1828 the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian lands. The Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court, which twice upheld the rights of the Indians. He did say that Indians had unquestionable rights to their lands. They could only lose titles by voluntarily giving it up But President Jackson refused to recognize the Court's decisions. | |
| 509520906 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the New Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | |
| 510680270 | John Qunicy Adams | Son of 2nd president served as secretary of state under Monroe before becoming 6th president of the US. Strong advocate of national finance and improvement, faced opposition from states' rights advocates in the south and west. His controversal electoin-allegedly "the corrupt bargain" of 1824- and his lack of politcial acumen further hampered his presidential agenda. His greatest achivement was the Monroe Doctrine. | |
| 510680271 | Don Luis de Onis | the spanish minister to the united states, who agreed to transfer florida to the united states to President John Q Adams. | |
| 510769214 | Cotton South | -By 1825, the South was the worlds dominant supplier of cotton. -Caused by the invention of the cotton gin which efficiently helped production of cotton and resulted in a great economic growth in the south. -Social- Separated the South from the national economy because they did not pay wages for labor, they bought laborers. | |
| 510769215 | 1st Amendment | freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition | |
| 510769216 | 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms | |
| 510769217 | 3rd Amendment | No quartering of Soldiers | |
| 510769218 | 4th Amendment | Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures | |
| 510769219 | 5th Amendment | right to grand jury, indictment, no double jeopardy, freedom from self-incrimination, due process of law | |
| 510769220 | 6th Amendment | Right to a fair, speedy trial | |
| 510769221 | 7th Amendment | Right to a trial by jury in civil cases | |
| 510769222 | 8th Amendment | No cruel and unusual punishments | |
| 510769223 | 9th Amendment | The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. | |
| 510769224 | 10th Amendment | The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. | |
| 510769225 | 11th Amendment | Immunity of states from suits from out-of-state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders. Lays the foundation for sovereign immunity. | |
| 510769226 | 12th Amendment | added the seperation of the president and vice president onto two different ballots | |
| 510769227 | Sequoyah | Cherokee Indian credited with establishing a written version of his language to help spread literacy among the Cherokee tribe. | |
| 510769228 | Chief John Ross | Cherokee leader at the time that Georgia was trying to get land of the Cherokees. Georgis annulled Cherokee constitution and restricted their assembly rights. Their chief turned to federal courts in 1831 case "Cherokee Nation v Georgia" to try to fight back |
