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| 515663668 | The Second Great Awakening | This was the second religious revival in the United States in which masses of people would gather to pray and many souls were "saved". The Methodists and Baptists became the most abundant religion from heavy recruiting. The Second Great Awakening renewed religion as the center of American culture and redefined American religions much as it had done a hundred years previous by reaching out to the masses. | |
| 515663669 | Charles G. Finney | Leader of The Second Great Awakening, influential eveangelical revivalist of the second great awakening; masive revivals at Rochester and NYC in 1830 and 1831; "anxiious bench"; encouraged women to pray aloud in public | |
| 515663670 | Female Reform Societies | one of the earliest and most effective antiprostitution groups founded by evangelical women in 1834 | |
| 515663671 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. persuaded many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. | |
| 515663672 | The Penitentiary Movement | Reformers worked to improve asylums and penitentiaries Aimed to transform criminals into productive members of society through disciplined regimens Led by the belief of perfectibility "Auburn System": prisoners worked together in the daytime but were isolated at night "Philadelphia System": utter silence and isolation prevailed day and night | |
| 515663673 | The Asylum Movement | New asylums were clean and organized; 28 of the 33 states had public institutions for mentally ill, Reforms sought to improve treatment of the mentally ill | |
| 515663674 | The Morgan Affair | Catalyst for Anitmasonry as an organized movement. William Morgan mysteriously disappeared shortly after being arrested for stealing. He was rumored to have been murdered by the Masons. | |
| 515663675 | William Lloyd Garrison | Abolitionist; published "The Liberator" Spoke out against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitantsand one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 515663676 | Black Abolitionists | Fredrick Douglass and Harriet Tubman joined white reformers in the American Anti-Slavery Society; wrote personal narratives. | |
| 515663677 | Elijah P. Lovejoy | Abolitionist editor who was murdered by a mob in Illinois; public outrage increased antislavery support in North | |
| 515663678 | The Gag Rule | The Congress was so overwhelmed with petitions to abolish slavery that they automatically "tabled" abolitionist petitions, preventing debate on them. | |
| 515663679 | Women Abolitionists | Lydia Child and Maria Chapman served on the American Anti-Slavery Society's executive committee. Served as editors of its offical paper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard. | |
| 515663680 | Angelina and Sarah Grimke | Sisters who fought for women's rights and abolition. They were attacked for speaking to mixed audiences. | |
| 515663681 | The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments | Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Lucy Stone organized women's rights convention and launched women's rights movement that echoes the Declaration of Independence in declaring that "all men and women are equal. | |
| 515663682 | The Jacksonian Democrats | Considered themselves reformers, sought to restore traditional republican virtues., the name for the new coalition that emphasized leadership through merit rather than birth. | |
| 515663683 | The Kitchen Cabinet | Jackson relied on political friends for advice, took the place of his official cabinet. | |
| 515663684 | The Force Act | Congress passed act which authorized the president to call up troops, but also offered a way to avoid force by collecting duties before foreign ships reached Charleston's harbor. | |
| 515663685 | The Second Bank of the U.S | Served as a depository for federal funds, notes could be exchanged for gold, kept state banks honest by reusing to accept bank notes of any bank lacking sufficient gold reserves. | |
| 515663686 | Empresarios | Mexico encouraged development of its remote northern province, offering large tracts of land virtually free to U.S settlers | |
| 515663687 | Remember the Alamo | 200 Texans made unsuccessful stand against 3000 Mexicans. (Texans won independence by the end of the year.) | |
| 515663688 | Shakers | Largest of the communal Utopian experiments. 6000 members lived in 20 settlements across 8 states., The followers of Mother Ann Lee, who preached a religion of strict celibacy and communal living. Fought for social equality | |
| 515663689 | Mormons | Church of the Latter-Day Saints. Most successful communitarian experiment and restructured family life. | |
| 515663690 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Prime mover of the American Renaissance and pillar of transcendental movement. | |
| 515663691 | California Gold Rush | Millions streamed inot Claifornia after a carpenter spotted gold particles in the millrace at Sutter's Mill | |
| 515663692 | The Forty-Niners | Name for gold seekers, some never found enough gold to pay expenses and most found work in California's cities and agricultural districts | |
| 515663693 | Horace Mann | Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military schools) as models. | |
| 515663694 | Urban Riots | Merchants, craftsmen and laborers vented rage against political and economic rivals. New York hired uniformed policemen; killed newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy. | |
| 515663695 | Louisa May Alcott | Author of "Little Women." Supported the family by working as a seamstress, governess, teacher and housemaid. | |
| 515663696 | Thomas R. Dew | Slaveholder and professor of law and history. Declared black slavery part of the "order of nature. | |
| 515663697 | Yeoman farmers | Owned own land and grew own food. Hardworking isolated and self reliant., Few/no slaves, grew cotton, authority over dependents-obedience, | |
| 515663698 | Yeoman fold culture | Based on family, church and local region. Flocked to religious camp meetings. owned their own land raised corn, hogs, and some cotton and tobacco. raised cattle and and pigs also. they lacked wealth but gained respect from wealthy neighbors | |
| 515663699 | Ferdinand L. Steel | North Carolina Yeoman, Independent Yeoman farmer whose cash crop was cotton. He never owned slaves. Later became travelling Methodist. | |
| 515663702 | Southern Paternalism | Justified dominance over white women and black slaves viewed themselves as custodians of the welfare society in general and of the black families they owned. | |
| 515663703 | Paul Carrington Cameron | North Carolina's largest slaveholder. Used paternalistic ideology. Later turned 1000 black people from his land and rented his fields to white farmers and invested in industry. | |
| 515663704 | Dr. Robert Knox | Edinburgh College of Surgeons. Believed the source of all evil lies in the Celtic race of Ireland. | |
| 515663705 | Manifest Destiny | Belief U.S was designed to expand across the continent | |
| 515663706 | Martin Van Buren | He was the eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system. | |
| 515663707 | John Tyler | elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery | |
| 515663708 | Fredrick Douglass | American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. | |
| 515663709 | Harriet Tubman | American abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland, became a major part of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 515663710 | John Quincy Adams | 6th U.S. President. 1825-1829. Democratic-Republican. Secretary of State under Monroe. Accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay. Repealed the Gag Rule | |
| 527614116 | St Monday | Drinkers took this holiday to recover from Sunday. In the new world of the factory, drinking was unacceptable. | |
| 527614117 | Martha Washington societies | was one of the names for women's groups; it worked for temperance legislation despite their inability to vote | |
| 527614118 | Richard Allen | an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church | |
| 527614119 | William Wells Brown | Prominent African-American abolitionist lecturer, novelist, playwright, and historian. Born into slavery in the Southern United States, Brown escaped to the North in 1834, where he worked for abolitionist causes and was a prolific writer. | |
| 527614120 | Declaration of Sentiments | series of resolutions issued at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the list of grievances called for economic and social equality for women, along with a demand for the right to vote. | |
| 527614121 | Election of 1824 | No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain." | |
| 527614122 | Election of 1828 | The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of 1828, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans. | |
| 527614123 | Specie Circular | Executive order that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since paper money was inflating. This signified the growing economic problems which would result in the panic of 1837. | |
| 527614124 | Election of 1836 | Martin Van Buren v. WHIGS (William Henry Harrison, Daniel Webster, Hugh Lawson White). NEW PARTY - The Whigs (formed as opposition to Andrew Jackson); Whig strategy - by running several candidates, no one would receive a majority of the electoral vote sending it the House of Representatives (where they thought they could defeat Van Buren and the Democrats)! Martin Van Buren won big! | |
| 527614125 | Election of 1840 | Van Buren was nominated but no vice president was put up. His opponent, William Henry Harrison was ridiculed as "Old Granny" by the Democrats, and was given the most successful campaign slogans in history. "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" Harrison won 80% of the electoral vote but died a moth later. | |
| 527887205 | election of 1844 | Annexation is the major issue of this election; Clay and Van Buren were the two major candidates; Polk came along as a "darkhorse" candidate and ended up winning; wanted to annex Texas and take all of Oregon Territory; Liberty Party siphoned off votes to Polk (took from Clay) | |
| 527887206 | Annexation of Texas | Created as a joint-resolution of Congress instead of a treaty. This only requires a simple majority and thus they are able to annex this state. As soon as this happens, Mexico breaks off diplomatic relations. | |
| 527887207 | Alexis de Tocqueville | He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France. | |
| 527887208 | American Renaissance | The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Trancendentalist movement including Whitman, Hawthorne, and Melville. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe. | |
| 527887209 | urban problems | Overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions. Transportation challenges, mass transit had to be built to meet the needs of increasing populations, supplying safe drinking water, Sanitation - how to keep cities clean - horse manure piled up on streets and people dumped their trash on streets. Crime increased, How to put out fires with limited water. | |
| 527887210 | City Culture | Exclusive private associations provided space and occasions for leisure apart from crowds and rowdiness. While old stock middle and upper-class Americans were isolating themselves, members of various ethnic, racial, and religious groups formed their own associations | |
| 530477035 | South-North Dissimilarity | South: rural agricultre, biracial society of inequality, small population density, difficult to finance public improvements, little commercial development. for southern evangelicals- self-improvement, not social reform. | |
| 530477036 | Proslavery Argument | deep racism at heart of matter, defended as "positive good", used Bible and historical arguments to support it, economic necessity, whites superior and intellectual, blacks physical. natural state of man was inequality by ability. | |
| 530492813 | Landless Whites | 25%-40% of white southern workers, similar to indentured servants, Irish and immigrants, owned no land and no slaves, rented land to farm, and did dangerous work such as building railroads and digging ditches. Approximately one-fifth of the total white population, which was between 300,000 to 400,000 whites, in Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia lived in poverty. | |
| 530492814 | Free Blacks | Did not own land and labored in someone else's fields. Couldn't own guns, buy liquor, or violate curfew. Could only assemble at church. Some bought land. | |
| 530492815 | Southern Paternalism | slaveholders saw themselves as guardians of a familial relationship between masters and slaves given to them by fate and heritage; believed it was their duty to house, feed, and make the slaves work | |
| 530492816 | The Ostrich game | Sexual relations between planter and slaves, Violations of moral laws and wives would "put their heads in the sand" in order to say they did not know | |
| 531126059 | Southern Quarterly Review | declared that the proper place for women is at home. One of the highest privileges, to be politically merged in the existence of her husband. | |
| 531126060 | Slave Children | Future of the system and widely valued. Unidentified slaveowner calculated the that the slave girl purchased in 1827 for $400 had three sons now worth $3000 as working field hands. --------------- gather kindling, carried water to the fields, lifted cut sugarcane stalks into carts and chase birds away from sprouting rice plants. | |
| 531126061 | Delia Garlic | Woman who said "its bad to belong to folks that own you soul and body. I could tell you bout it all day, but even then you couldn't guess the awfulness of it" | |
| 531126062 | Slave Culture | a sense of distinctiveness' and pride, based in large part on influence of Africa (clothing, music, dance, religion); played a major role in their resistance to white oppression. | |
| 531126063 | Slave women | Often sexually exploited. Sometimes threatened by sale of children in exchange for exploitation. Largely encouraged to bear children. States to have two weeks recovery after birth, often short-sided to work with newborns laying near in the fields. | |
| 531126064 | Nat Turner | preacher that lead of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives | |
| 531126065 | South's racial ideology | Whites were superior to blacks, thus slavery became the basis of equality among whites, and racism inflated the status of poor whites and gave them a common interest with the rich. | |
| 531126066 | The Impending Crisis | A controversial book. written by Hinton Helper, that used statistics to argue that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones that were suffering from slavery. This book was banned in the south, but the republican party used it as campaign material in the north | |
| 531126067 | Minstrels | Around 1850, white people painted themselves black and made fun of the black people's music. These people were called ... and were meant to copy plantation songs. | |
| 531126068 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. | |
| 533287426 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | |
| 533287427 | James Polk | 1845-1849, Democrat, first dark horse, Manifest Destiny, issue - Texas and slavery, talked about "four forty or fight", Liberty Party - James G. Birney (abolition of slavery) Buren and Clay agree for not annexing Texas | |
| 533287428 | Oregon Fever | in 1842, many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized | |
| 533287429 | Maysville road veto | proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements. |
