The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution; Background to the French Revolution; The French Revolution; The Age of Napolean
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| 602222265 | July 4, 1776 | date of the signing of the declaration of independence; approved by the Second Continental Congress | |
| 602222266 | George Washington | Commander in Chief of the Continental Army; had political experience in Virginia and military experience in the French and Indian War | |
| 602222267 | Treaty of Paris | signed in 1783; recognized the Independence of the American colonies; granted Americans control of the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River | |
| 602222268 | Central Government | better than the government of the individual states;could levy taxes, raise a national army, regulate domestic and foreign trade and create a national currency | |
| 602222269 | President | chief executive with the power to execute laws, veto the legislature's acts, supervise foreign affairs, and direct military forces | |
| 602222270 | United States Constitution | approved by the states in 1788; a bill of rights was the government's first promised piece of business | |
| 602222271 | Bill of Rights | guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and assembly | |
| 602222272 | American Revolution's impact on Europe | it showed Europeans that the liberal political ideas of the Enlightenment could be achieved; rights of man, liberty and equality, freedom of religion were not just ideas; Americans made concepts of liberty and representative government a reality | |
| 602222273 | Revolutions | not always the result of a bad economy | |
| 602222274 | The First Estate | made up of the clergy (about 130,000 people); owned about 10% of the land; exempt from taille; divided, higher clergy were part of the nobles while parish priests were often poor commoners | |
| 602222275 | The Second Estate | composed of nobility (350,000 people) owned about 25-30% of the land; held lead positions in the government, the military, the law courts and the higher church offices; they wanted to expand their privileges at the expense of the monarch; most were wealthy | |
| 602222276 | The Third Estate | commoners of society; owned 34-40% of the land but were 75-80% of the population; peasants had to work for rich landlords; played an important part in the revolution because of their struggle for survival | |
| 602222277 | Old order | France's social and political structure that places the king at the top and three estates below him | |
| 602222278 | National Assembly/ Tennis Court Oath | June 20, 1789; the Third Estate met on indoor tennis courts because they were locked out of their original meeting place. became the first step toward the French Revolution | |
| 602222279 | Intervention of the Common People | led rural and urban uprising in July and August of 1789 to help the revolution; they used the Third Estate to fight against the rich | |
| 602222280 | Bastille | the commoners led an attack on the royal armory (Bastille) which also happened to be a prison; its fall became a symbol for revolutionaries all over France | |
| 602222281 | The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | A document drafted in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly. This declaration uphled that all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights" of "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression." It called for equality of law, education, employment, innocent until proven guilty, and freedom of religion. | |
| 602222282 | Women's march | Parisian women who had run out of flour because of the taxes blamed it on the king, broke into his palace at Versailles, and took the king and queen back to Paris to deal with the issue | |
| 602222283 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | July 1790; bishops and priests of the catholic Church had to be elected by the people and paid by the state | |
| 602222284 | sans-culottes | ordinary patriots without fine clothes; made up the Paris Commune | |
| 602222285 | January 21, 1793 | King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine; end of the old regime; didn't help in all ways, created new enemies of the Revolution | |
| 602222286 | Legislative Assembly | 1791: Constitution; elitist, didn't include average people, limited monarchy; didn't work | |
| 602222287 | Paris Commune | part of the national convention; third estate; working class; ward; their problems tend to be more magnified in the city; most radical; San-culottes; made decisions | |
| 602222288 | Jacobins | political clubs, met in Jacobin monastery; varying ideas, radical to less radical; broad title for anybody in the radical movement | |
| 602222289 | Mountains | mostly Paris commune and extreme radical; had most radical view to creating a republic | |
| 602222290 | Robespierre | wanted to create a new France; thought that the ideal citizen would be one person who would be loyal to the state and make it their number 1 priority; highest form of virtue is terror, replaced the church in a secular way | |
| 602222291 | Reign of Terror | protected the Republic from internal enemies; anyone who showed signs of resiting the Republic was killed, usually by guillotine; even whole cities were killed, Lyons being the example set for not agreeing with the Republic | |
| 602222292 | Dechristianization | saint was removed from street names; churches were closed; priests were encouraged to marry; Notre Dame was renamed the Temple of Reason | |
| 602222293 | Napoleon | A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean. | |
| 602222294 | Directory | National Convention-middle class writes a constitution in 1795. Elect members of a reorganized legislative assembly-5 man executive. Continued to support French military expansion. Actions reinforced widespread disgust with war and starvation(shown in national elections). Use army to nullify elections, govern dictatorially. |
