HOW WE STUDY CELLS
-Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
-Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CELL
-Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ in size and complexity
-Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
-The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
-Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
-The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions
-The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
-Lysosomes are digestive compartments
-Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintanence
OTHER MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers of cells
-Peroxisomes generate and degrade H₂O₂ in performing various metabolic functions
THE CYTOSKELETON
-Providing structural support to the cell, the cytoskeleton also functions in cell motility and regulation
CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
-Plant cells are encased by cell walls
-The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
-Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function
-The cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts
Terms : Hide Images
| 1222011520 | light microscope (LM) | an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens | 1 | |
| 1222011521 | organelle | one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells | 2 | |
| 1222011522 | electron microscope (EM) | a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. | 3 | |
| 1222011523 | transmission electron microscope (TEM) | a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultra structure of cells | 4 | |
| 1222011524 | scanning electron microscope (SEM) | a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography | 5 | |
| 1222011525 | prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea | 6 | |
| 1222011526 | nucleoid | a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell | 7 | |
| 1222011527 | cytoplasm | the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane | 8 | |
| 1222011528 | plasma membrane | the membrane of the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition | 9 | |
| 1222011529 | nucleus | 1)an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons 2)the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell 3)a cluster of neurons | 10 | |
| 1222011530 | chromatin | the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exsists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope | 11 | |
| 1222011531 | chromosome | a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins | 12 | |
| 1222011532 | nucleolus | a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes | 13 | |
| 1222011533 | ribosome | a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits | 14 | |
| 1222011534 | endomembrane system | the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | 15 | |
| 1222011535 | vesicle | a sac made of membranes inside of cells | 16 | |
| 1222011536 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions | 17 | |
| 1222011537 | smooth ER | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes | 18 | |
| 1222011538 | rough ER | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes | 19 | |
| 1222011539 | transport vesicle | a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell | 20 | |
| 1222011540 | Golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum | 21 | |
| 1222011541 | lysosome | a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell | 22 | |
| 1222011542 | mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes | 23 | |
| 1222011543 | chloroplast | an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water | 24 | |
| 1222011544 | crista | an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP | 25 | |
| 1222011545 | cell theory | The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells. | 26 | |
| 1222011546 | cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape. | 27 | |
| 1222011547 | Cellular Metabolism | The chemical activities of cells. | 28 | |
| 1222011548 | central vacuole | A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. | 29 | |
| 1222011549 | centriole | Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only | 30 | |
| 1222011550 | cystoskeleton | A network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm | 31 | |
| 1222011551 | electron microscope | microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen | 32 | |
| 1222011552 | endoplasmic reticulum | A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. | 33 | |
| 1222011553 | endosymbiosis | A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes. | 34 | |
| 1222011554 | eukaryoitic cell | A eukaryote (or) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure | 35 | |
| 1222011555 | extracellular matrix | All tissues include this non-living portion, consisting of molecules that fill spaces between cells | 36 | |
| 1222011556 | flagellum | A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move. | 37 | |
| 1222011557 | glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. | 38 | |
| 1222011558 | granum | A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. They are sites where light energy trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | 39 | |
| 1222011559 | intermediate filament | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments | 40 | |
| 1222011560 | light microscope | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. | 41 | |
| 1222011561 | microfilament | A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament. | 42 | |
| 1222011562 | micrograph | Photograph of the view through a microscope | 43 | |
| 1222011563 | microtuble | long strands such a spindle fibers that move chromosomes | 44 | |
| 1222011564 | mitochondrial matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle. | 45 | |
| 1222011565 | mitochondiron | cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy. | 46 | |
| 1222011566 | nuclear envelope | A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell | 47 | |
| 1222011567 | peroxisome | Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals | 48 | |
| 1222011568 | plasmodesma | An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells | 49 | |
| 1222011569 | scanning electron microscope | a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light | 50 | |
| 1222011570 | stroma | In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast. | 51 | |
| 1222011571 | thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy. | 52 | |
| 1222011572 | transmission electron microscope | a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen and that can magnify up to 200,000 times | 53 | |
| 1222011573 | vacuole | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates | 54 | |
| 1222011574 | Integral Proteins | a protein that penetrates the hydrophobic core of cellular membranes | 55 | |
| 1222011575 | osmosis | the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration | 56 | |
| 1222011576 | diffusion | the movement of a solute from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration | 57 | |
| 1222011577 | concentration gradient | a range of concentration from high solute concentration to low solute concentration | 58 | |
| 1222011578 | electrochemical gradient | a concentration gradient consisting of ions | 59 | |
| 1222011579 | active transport | when a substance is transported across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration | 60 | |
| 1222011580 | hypotonic environment | environment in which there is less solute outside the cell than inside the cell | 61 | |
| 1222011581 | hypertonic environment | environment in which there is more solute outside the cell than inside the cell | 62 |
