HOW WE STUDY CELLS
-Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
-Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CELL
-Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ in size and complexity
-Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
-The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
-Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
-The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions
-The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
-Lysosomes are digestive compartments
-Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintanence
OTHER MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers of cells
-Peroxisomes generate and degrade H₂O₂ in performing various metabolic functions
THE CYTOSKELETON
-Providing structural support to the cell, the cytoskeleton also functions in cell motility and regulation
CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
-Plant cells are encased by cell walls
-The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
-Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function
-The cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts
Terms : Hide Images
| 1720090546 | light microscope | an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens | 0 | |
| 1720090547 | organelle | one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells | 1 | |
| 1720090548 | electron microscope | a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. | 2 | |
| 1720090551 | prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea | 3 | |
| 1720090552 | nucleoid | a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell | 4 | |
| 1720090553 | cytoplasm | the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane | 5 | |
| 1720090554 | plasma membrane | the membrane of the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition | 6 | |
| 1720090555 | nucleus | 1)an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons 2)the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell 3)a cluster of neurons | 7 | |
| 1720090556 | chromatin | the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exsists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope | 8 | |
| 1720090557 | chromosome | a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins | 9 | |
| 1720090558 | nucleolus | a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes | 10 | |
| 1720090559 | ribosome | a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits | 11 | |
| 1720090560 | endomembrane system | the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | 12 | |
| 1720090561 | vesicle | a sac made of membranes inside of cells | 13 | |
| 1720090562 | endoplasmic reticulum | an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions | 14 | |
| 1720090563 | smooth er | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes | 15 | |
| 1720090564 | rough ER | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes | 16 | |
| 1720090565 | transport vesicle | a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell | 17 | |
| 1720090566 | Golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum | 18 | |
| 1720090567 | lysosome | a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell | 19 | |
| 1720090568 | mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes | 20 | |
| 1720090569 | chloroplast | an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water | 21 | |
| 1720090570 | crista | an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP | 22 | |
| 1720090571 | cell theory | The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells. | 23 | |
| 1720090572 | cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape. | 24 | |
| 1720090573 | Cellular Metabolism | The chemical activities of cells. | 25 | |
| 1720090574 | central vacuole | A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. | 26 | |
| 1720090575 | centriole | Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only | 27 | |
| 1720090576 | cystoskeleton | A network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm | 28 | |
| 1720090577 | electron microscope | microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen | 29 | |
| 1720090578 | endoplasmic reticulum | A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. | 30 | |
| 1720090579 | endosymbiosis | A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes. | 31 | |
| 1720090580 | eukaryoitic cell | A eukaryote (or) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure | 32 | |
| 1720090581 | extracellular matrix | All tissues include this non-living portion, consisting of molecules that fill spaces between cells | 33 | |
| 1720090582 | flagellum | A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move. | 34 | |
| 1720090583 | glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. | 35 | |
| 1720090584 | granum | A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. They are sites where light energy trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | 36 | |
| 1720090585 | filament | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments | 37 | |
| 1720090586 | light microscope | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. | 38 | |
| 1720090587 | microfilament | A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament. | 39 | |
| 1720090588 | micrograph | Photograph of the view through a microscope | 40 | |
| 1720090589 | microtuble | long strands such a spindle fibers that move chromosomes | 41 | |
| 1720090590 | mitochondrial matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle. | 42 | |
| 1720090591 | mitochondiron | cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy. | 43 | |
| 1720090592 | nuclear envelope | A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell | 44 | |
| 1720090593 | peroxisome | Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals | 45 | |
| 1720090594 | plasmodesma | An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells | 46 | |
| 1720090595 | scanning electron microscope | a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light | 47 | |
| 1720090596 | stroma | In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast. | 48 | |
| 1720090597 | thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy. | 49 | |
| 1720090598 | transmission electron microscope | a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen and that can magnify up to 200,000 times | 50 | |
| 1720090599 | vacuole | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates | 51 | |
| 1720090600 | Integral Proteins | a protein that penetrates the hydrophobic core of cellular membranes | 52 | |
| 1720090601 | osmosis | the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration | 53 | |
| 1720090602 | diffusion | the movement of a solute from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration | 54 | |
| 1720090603 | concentration gradient | a range of concentration from high solute concentration to low solute concentration | 55 | |
| 1720090604 | electrochemical gradient | a concentration gradient consisting of ions | 56 | |
| 1720090605 | active transport | when a substance is transported across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration | 57 | |
| 1720090606 | hypotonic | environment in which there is less solute outside the cell than inside the cell | 58 | |
| 1720090607 | hypertonic | environment in which there is more solute outside the cell than inside the cell | 59 |
