Biology vocabulary for the final exam
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| The control centre of the cell which contains DNA and RNA. | ||
| Tiny organelles in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are made. | ||
| The liquid portion of the cell, which contains all the organelles in the cell. | ||
| The powerhouse of the cell. They need sugar and oxygen to produce energy. | ||
| A series of tubes and flattened sacs that transport materials throughout the cell | ||
| The organelle that has ribosomes attached to it, and transports proteins throughout the cell. | ||
| This organelle manufactures and transports fats in the cell. | ||
| An organelle containing digestive enzymes; also known as the suicide sac. | ||
| An organelle in the cell that packages and processes materials for transport out of the cell, | ||
| selectively permeable barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell. It also provides structure to the cell. | ||
| the basic unit of structure and function in living things | ||
| deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics | ||
| in animal cells, this organelle that produces and organizes the spindle fibers during cell reproduction | ||
| The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled. | ||
| a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a characteristic trait | ||
| all of an organism's genes (its entire DNA) | ||
| a subunit ot DNA that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base | ||
| a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. | ||
| small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins | ||
| adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine. The rungs of the "ladder." | ||
| The copy of DNA that leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes. They contain the instructions for protein assembly. | ||
| controls movement of materials in and out of the nucleus | ||
| The stage the cell is in when it is not doing mitosis. The cell is growing, producing proteins, duplicating organelles and chromosomes (DNA replication) | ||
| Division of nuclear material | ||
| Each copy of a duplicated chromosome | ||
| the structure that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis | ||
| a stage of preparation. Sister chromatids condense and are visible with a microscope. | ||
| nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles move to opposing poles and spindle fibers grow, forming the spindle | ||
| sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibers, and chromatids line up at the middle of the cell | ||
| sister chromatids pull apart and go to opposite ends | ||
| events of prophase in reverse: nuclear membrane forms and spindle disappears, chromosomes get thinner and nucleolus reappears | ||
| Splitting of the cytoplasm by pinching. | ||
| Splitting of the cytoplasm where membrane bound vesicles fuse in the center to form the cell plate | ||
| type of asexual reproduction used by a unicellular organism | ||
| asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism | ||
| Type of asexual reproduction in which new plants grow from vegetative parts such as roots, stems, and leaves | ||
| Pieces of the parent break off and regenerate into new individuals | ||
| a type of asexual reproduction where seed-like structures are produced. | ||
| uncontrolled cell division | ||
| Changes to DNA | ||
| a mass of abnormal cells that develop when cells divide and grow uncontrollably | ||
| an abnormal mass of essentially normal cells that are not cancerous and stay at the site of origin | ||
| A cancerous mass of cells that invades other tissues and moves throughout the body. | ||
| spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body | ||
| Substances and agents that are known to cause mutations, for example:x-rays | ||
| special microtubules which grow in mitosis, connect to chromosomes, and move the chromosomes around | ||
| genetically identical offspring | ||
| when one individual can reproduce by themselves, and produce genetically identical offspring. | ||
| enlarged nuclei, the cells divide even when they are away from other cells and spread through the body (metastisis) | ||
| a male gamete | ||
| a female gamete | ||
| a cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) | ||
| a cell with a complete set of chromosomes (2n) | ||
| joining of male and female gametes | ||
| a pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes | ||
| a different form of the same gene - such as different hair colour | ||
| an organism that produces both male and female sex cells | ||
| coiled tubes in the testis that make sperm cells | ||
| above the testis where mature sperm is stored | ||
| a tube that carries sperm from the epididiymis to the urethra | ||
| in males, a tube that carries sperm and urine outside the body | ||
| male organ that contains the urethra | ||
| where eggs are produced | ||
| structure in ovary that has a single immature egg; nourish and protect the developing egg | ||
| a release of a mature egg from the overy | ||
| empty follicle | ||
| a tube where eggs go from ovary to uterus. The site of fertilization | ||
| organ where embryo develops | ||
| in female, receives male penis | ||
| unspecialized cell that can become any kind of cell | ||
| the X and Y chromosome, which determines the sex | ||
| a trait controlled by a gene on the X chromosome | ||
| error in meiosis where chromosomes do not separate properly | ||
| disorder that has one extra chromosome | ||
| a disorder in which a female's cells have only one X chromosome | ||
| a disorder in which a male's cells have two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome | ||
| A female with three X chromosomes | ||
| A growth of cells that can be either malignant (cancerous) or benign |
