Everything you could possibly need to pass the Advanced Placement European History test with a 5 in order from time period.
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| 775256606 | Giotto | Very influential pre-Renaissance painter and a friend of Dante. His work is notable for its use of realistic scenes from nature. | 1 | |
| 775256607 | Brunellschi | Created II Duomo, the first Italian freestanding dome since antiquity. He is credited with introducing perspective to Renaissance artists. | 2 | |
| 775256608 | Donatello | His bronze David was the first freestanding bronze statue of a human created in Europe since antiquity. | 3 | |
| 775256609 | Masaccio | Often called "The Father of Modern Art," his Expulsion and Holy Trinity mark the advance from Medieval to Renaissance painting due to the use of anatomy and perspective. | 4 | |
| 775256610 | Giovanni Bellni | A leading painter of the Venetian School, he was the master of Giorgione and Titian. He is known chiefly for his altarpieces and his madonnas. | 5 | |
| 775256611 | Botticelli | Most famous for his Birth of Venus, he assisted on decorating the Sistine Chapel. He was also a follower of Savonarola. | 6 | |
| 775256612 | Ghirlandiao | Founder of a school of painting, he was the teacher of Michelangelo. | 7 | |
| 775256613 | Leonardo da Vinci | Painter of The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, and many other masterpieces, he was an engineer who designed flying machines and tanks. He was a rival of Michelangelo; his patrons were Lorenzo the Magnificent and Lodovico Sforza. | 8 | |
| 775256614 | Michelangelo | Famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II. His great sculptures included the Pieta, David, and Moses. He was the greatest sculptor of hands and was part of the trinity of great 15th-century artists including Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. | 9 | |
| 775256615 | Raphael | Chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and master of frescoes such as The School of Athens, he is noted for his madonnas. He was part of the trinity of great 15th-century artists including Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. | 10 | |
| 775256616 | Artemesia Gentileschi | Her father was also a painter whose patrons included King Charles I of England. She is especially noted for her "Judith" paintings. | 11 | |
| 775256617 | Dante | Author of The Divine Comedy (about an imaginary journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven), in which he helped define the vernacular of what is now Italian. | 12 | |
| 775256618 | Petrarch | He was the first great humanist thinker and a scholar of Latin. His major works were Triumphs and On the Solitary Life. He is known as the "Father of Humanism." | 13 | |
| 775256619 | Boccaccio | Friend of Petrarch and a major contributor to the development of classic Italian prose. His Decameron is a classic bawdy take of love in all of its forms. | 14 | |
| 775256620 | Leonardo Bruni | His history of Florence is noted for a new sense of the need for authentic sources in examining history. He translated Plutarch, Demosthenes, Aristotle, and Plato from Greek into Latin. | 15 | |
| 775256621 | Thomas a Kempis | An early religion purist who wrote Imitation of Christ, In which mysticism holds that the individual soul can commune directly with God in perfect solitude, without sacraments, people, or Church. | 16 | |
| 775256622 | Lorenzo Valla | A leading Renaissance Humanist most famous for "On Pleasure," his piece about the Epicureans. | 17 | |
| 775256623 | Pico della Mirandola | Leading humanist of the Italian Renaissance and author of "Oration on the Dignity of Man." | 18 | |
| 775256624 | Erasmus of Rotterdam | His new Greek and Latin translations of the New Testament led him to write The Praise of Folly and Handbook of a Christian Knight. He was an enemy of Luther and a friend of Thomas More. He wanted reform within the Catholic Church and was a leader in Renaissance learning in Northern Europe. | 19 | |
| 775256625 | Niccolo Machiavelli | The Prince, his application for employment with Lorenzo Medici, became the most important work on political science for centuries. | 20 | |
| 775256626 | Baldassare Castiglione | Author of The Book of the Courtier, the first book of etiquette for nobles. | 21 | |
| 775256627 | Thomas More | Author of Utopia, he opposed Henry VII's break from the Catholic Church even though he was the lord chancellor of England. He was beheaded for his principles. | 22 | |
| 775256628 | Rabelais | This priest attacked the failings of the Church in Gargantua and Pantagruel. | 23 | |
| 775256629 | Benvenuto Cellini | His Autobiography, an excellent record of life in Renaissance Italy, shows why he was the prime exemplar of "virtu." He worked under Michelangelo and under the patronage of Clement VII. | 24 | |
| 775256630 | Montaigne | Invented the essay, which is derived from the French word for test. | 25 | |
| 775256631 | Miguel de Cervantes | Satirized the chivalry of the Spanish court and the medieval institutions of the state in his Don Quixote. | 26 | |
| 775256632 | Nicolas of Cusa | Roman Catholic prelate and philosopher who focused on mystical philosophy. He anticipated Copernicus by his belief in the earth's rotation and revolution around the sun. | 27 | |
| 775256633 | Pope Nicholas V | A great patron of art and literature. | 28 | |
| 775256634 | Pope Innocent VIII | A busy guy, he declared Henry VII to be the lawful King of England and appointed Torquemada as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain | 29 | |
| 775256635 | Pope Alexander VI | He bribed his was to the papacy. His kids were Cesare Borgia and Lucretia Borgia who hung around the Vatican and were granted land. He was a great patron of the arts (especially of Bramante, Michelangelo, and Raphael) and ordered the execution of Savonarola. He purportedly said, "God has given us the papacy. Now, let us enjoy it!" | 30 | |
| 775256636 | Pope Julius II | He decided to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica, and patronized Raphael, Michelangelo, Bramante, and others. | 31 | |
| 775256637 | Pope Leo X | He was the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and the most opulent pope, who ate from gold plates and threw them away. He failed to realize the importance of the Reformation and issued the bull excommunicating Luther. | 32 | |
| 775256638 | Girolamo Savonarola | His vehement sermons about the corruption of secular life, the ruling class, and the worldliness of the clergy led Romans to revolt. He began the "Bonfires of the Vanities" (in which Botticelli threw his paintings to be burned) and drove Piero Medici from power in Florence. After becoming the virtual dictator of the city, he preached for a crusade for the establishment of an ideal Christian state. Denounced by Pope Alexander VI, he lost power in Florence to the aristocrats and was ultimately captured by them. He was tried for sedition and heresy and then tortured, hanged, and burned. | 33 | |
| 775256639 | Regiomontanus | An influential thinker, he laid the foundation for mathematical conception of the universe. His real name was Johann Muller. | 34 | |
| 775256640 | Nicholas Copernicus | He revived the idea of a heliocentric (sun-centered) solar system from the ancients in his On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres. | 35 | |
| 775256641 | Gutenberg | He is often credited as the first to produce books with movable led type circa 1450. | 36 | |
| 775256642 | Giovanni de Medici | A merchant and banker who became wealthy, he was a supporter of smaller guilds and common people. became virtual ruler of Florence between 1421 and 1429, and began a banking dynasty. | 37 | |
| 775256643 | Cosimo de Medici | He was the son of Giovanni, a banker, patron of the arts, and "father of his country." The unofficial ruler of the republic. | 38 | |
| 775256644 | Lorenzo de Medici aka "The Magnificent" | He was Cosimo's grandson. Major patron of the arts, father of a pope, and a general proponent of his family. He is alleged to have been an immoral and tyrannical ruler. | 39 | |
| 775256645 | Cesare Borgia | The son of Pope Alexander VI, he conquered much of central Italy including Urbino and acted with cruelty and treachery. He was Machiavelli's ideal "Prince." | 40 | |
| 775783357 | Isabelle d'Este | Married to Giovanni Gonzaga, she was an outstanding diplomat and patron of learning. She turned Mantua into the center of learning and thought. | 41 | |
| 775783358 | What three ideals was the Renaissance focused on? | Humanism, secularism, and individualism. | 42 | |
| 775783359 | Why did the Renaissance occur primarily in cities? | The contact with other cultures happened there first. | 43 | |
| 775783360 | Did the Renaissance abandon religion? | No. The greatest patron of the arts was the Church. | 44 | |
| 775783361 | What did a poor artist need to further his career? | A patron. | 45 | |
| 775783362 | What revolutionized literature and helped national identities solidify? | Use of the vernacular. | 46 | |
| 775783363 | Was the Renaissance a rebirth of law, government, and economic production? | No. Europe was still medieval. | 47 | |
| 775783364 | What is a Renaissance man? | Someone who is virtuous is every way and has many talents. | 48 | |
| 775783365 | Jan van Eyck | A Dutch painter of the 15th century known as one of the great masters. He was known for his excellent, and often highly symbolic, oil paintings with meticulous detail that focused on either religious or secular themes. | 49 | |
| 775783366 | Rembrandt | A Dutch master. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers. His use of chiaroscuro (dark and light) was powerful and manifested in his many self-portraits and paintings of stormy naval scenes. He died very poor, as did many Northern Renaissance painters. | 50 | |
| 775783367 | Hieronymus Bosch | A Dutch painter of the era who used complex symbolism and explored themes of sin and moral failing .His complex, imaginative, and prevalent use of symbolic figures and obscure iconography was undeniably original and may have been an inspiration for the surrealist movement of the early 20th century. | 51 | |
| 775783368 | Where did the concept of a "Renaissance Man" come from? | The writings of Castiglione and Alberti. | 52 | |
| 775783369 | How was the Renaissance different in northern and southern Europe? | Southern Europe was wealthier due to increasing trade with the Arabs and the Byzantines, providing the luxury to spend on arts, learning, and public projects. Northern Europe focused more on practical learning, science, and technology. | 53 | |
| 775783370 | What was the Renaissance? | A period of artistic, cultural, and intellectual revival. | 54 | |
| 775783371 | When was the Renaissance? | The 15th and 16th centuries. | 55 | |
| 775783372 | Who were two famous Christian humanists? | Erasmus and Thomas More. | 56 | |
| 775783373 | Why is the phrase "Geography is destiny" true about the Renaissance? | The Italians took advantage of their proximity to the sea and became the "middleman" of Europe. | 57 | |
| 775783374 | Where was the cultural center of the Italian Renaissance? | Florence. | 58 | |
| 775783375 | What were the main city-states of Italy? | Genoa, Milan, Rome, Naples, Pisa, and Venice. | 59 | |
| 775783376 | What was the center of Catholic power during the Renaissance? | Rome. | 60 | |
| 775783377 | Who controlled the Italian governments during the Renaissance? | The middle class of merchants and bankers. | 61 | |
| 775783378 | What was the most famous dynasty of merchants and bankers? | The Medici family. | 62 | |
| 775783379 | What was the Northern Renaissance? | The spread of Renaissance ideals from Italy to the rest of Northern Europe. | 63 | |
| 775783380 | Which was more secular: The Italian or Northern Renaissance? | The Italian Renaissance. | 64 | |
| 775783381 | What were some concepts of the Northern Renaissance? | Pietism, Christian humanism, and mysticism. | 65 | |
| 775783382 | How did the Northern Renaissance happen? | Northern students went to Italy to study, and then came back with new ideas. | 66 | |
| 775783383 | How did the introduction of the printing press have a massive impact on society? | It became easier to spread ideas, propaganda, and education. | 67 | |
| 775783384 | How did the printing press lead to the advent of the Reformation? | Many people in Europe did not need the Catholic priest to read the Bible for them. | 68 | |
| 775783385 | Who was Elizabeth I's father? | Henry VIII. | 69 | |
| 775783386 | The Hundred Years' War was against whom? | The English and the French for control of the French throne. | 70 | |
| 775783387 | When did the Spanish reach the height of their expansion? | The 16th century. | 71 | |
| 775783388 | When were the Jew and Moslems expelled from Spain? | 1492. | 72 | |
| 775783389 | When was the "Golden Age" of Spanish culture? | From 1550 to 1650. | 73 | |
| 775783390 | How did the Renaissance affect upper class and merchant women? | It was a period of loss of status. | 74 | |
| 775783391 | How did the Renaissance affect lower class women? | It didn't affect them at all. | 75 | |
| 775783392 | What concepts were valued by Renaissance thinkers? | Humans as the measure of all things, the ideas of ancient Greece, the pursuit of excellence, and living up to one's potential. | 76 | |
| 775783393 | What thematic innovation of Renaissance artists did Michelangelo's David display? | Accurate human anatomy. | 77 | |
| 775783394 | The social group that most often supported the centralizing efforts of the "new monarch" was... | The bourgeoisie. | 78 | |
| 775783395 | The so-called pagan humanism of the Italian Renaissance differed from the so-called Christian humanism of the Northern Renaissance primary because... | The literature of the Northern Renaissance drew upon the Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church fathers. | 79 | |
| 775783396 | Erasmus. | Who was the "Prince of Humanists," who attempted through satiric writings to reform the Roman Catholic Church while remaining loyal to it? | 80 | |
| 775783397 | What was the Italian balance-of-power diplomacy designed to do? | Prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula. | 81 | |
| 775783398 | What were the three stages of the Reformation? | Protestant, Catholic, and Counter. | 82 | |
| 775783399 | What were the causes of the Reformation? | Corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, the impact of Renaissance humanism, declining prestige of the papacy, the influence of religious reformers, resentment of secular rulers over the power of the popes and clergy, and resistance to the power of Charles V. | 83 | |
| 775783400 | What is the sale of church offices called? | Simony. | 84 | |
| 775783401 | How was the Roman Catholic Church corrupt during the Reformation? | Simony, nepotism, the sale of indulgences, and the decline of morality among the clergy. | 85 | |
| 775783402 | What caused the "virtue of poverty" to disrepute? | Prosperity. | 86 | |
| 775783403 | What was the Great Schism? | A time period when two popes were elected in 1378. | 87 | |
| 775783404 | How did the importance of sacraments change during the Reformation? | It was diminished. | 88 | |
| 775783405 | How did the influence of the clergy during the Reformation change? | It weakened. | 89 | |
| 775783406 | Johann Tetzel | A wandering friar who was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences. | 90 | |
| 775783407 | What are indulgences? | Pieces of paper that guaranteed the remission of sins. | 91 | |
| 775783408 | Why did Pope Leo X sell indulgences? | To rebuild St. Peter's Church and provide funds to local dioceses. | 92 | |
| 775783409 | Martin Luther | A Roman Catholic priest, Augustinian monk, and theologian who condemned the sales of indulgences. | 93 |
