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| 104656558 | Oliver Cromwell | was an important military leader during the Puritan revolt against the policies of English King Charles I. He felt very strongly about his Christian faith. | |
| 104656559 | James I | the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland (as James VI)from 1567 to 1625 | |
| 104656560 | Charles I | (1600-1649) king of Great Britain 1625-1649 (son of James I). | |
| 104656561 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | |
| 104656562 | "power of the purse" | the influence that legislatures have over public policy because of their power to vote how tax money is used for public purposes. | |
| 104656563 | ship money | a tax levied to finance the fitting out of warships: abolished 1640 | |
| 104656564 | William Laud | 1573-1645, archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England and opponent of Puritanism: executed for treason. | |
| 104656565 | Petition of Right | petition sent by the English Parliament to King Charles I complaining of a series of breaches of law. Taxation only with consent of Parliament. | |
| 104656566 | House of Commons | one of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office. | |
| 104656567 | triennial act | An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years. | |
| 104656568 | writ of habeas corpus | a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge | |
| 104656569 | Grand Remonstrance | the document prepared by the Long Parliament in 1640 listing the evils of the king's government, the abuses already rectified, and the reforms Parliament advocated | |
| 104656570 | Long Parliament | the English Parliament summoned in November 1640 by King Charles. The duration of it has been held to have extended either until April 1653, when its remaining members were forcibly ejected by the Cromwellian army, or until March 1660, when its members, finally restored, passed an act for its dissolution. Legally the act of 1660 was as invalid as the ejection of 1653, because it lacked royal assent | |
| 104656571 | Roundheads | supporters of Oliver Cromwell | |
| 104656572 | Cavaliers | In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell. | |
| 104656573 | New Model Army | The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war. | |
| 104656574 | Pride's Purge | the forceful exclusion from the House of Commons, carried out by Col. Thomas Pride in December 1648, of about 100 members who favored compromise with the Royalist party. | |
| 104656575 | "Rump" Parliament | After much of Parliament was killed for voting against the trial of Charles I, the remainder did their best to hold it together, until Cromwell took control and started a new Parliament. | |
| 104656576 | Levellers | a radical group on the Parliamentarian side during the Civil War that advocated republicanism, freedom of worship, etc | |
| 104656577 | Diggers | a radical English Puritan group, led by Gerrard Winstanley, which advocated communal ownership of land (1649--50) | |
| 104656578 | Society of Friends | a sect founded by George Fox in England about 1650, opposed to oath-taking and war. Also called Quakers. | |
| 104656579 | Fifth Monarchists | were opposed to the dictatorial rule of Oliver Cromwell and its leaders were imprisoned during the Commonwealth. -emerged in 1649. Leading members included Thomas Harrison, John Carew, Vavasor Powell and Christopher Feake and was popular with soldiers serving in the New Model Army. The group sought the abolition of tithes, an increase in the help for the poor and the release of debtors from prison. | |
| 104656580 | Instrument of Government | Cromwell favored toleration on the issue of religion in England. The Instrument of Government gave all Christians, except Roman Catholics, the right to practice their faith. The constitution that had been prepared for by the army. It invested executive power in a lord protectorate and a council of state. Cromwell eventually tore up the constitution. (552-553) | |
| 104656581 | Lord Protector | after Cromwell marched into Parliament and disbanded it, he ruled thereafter as Lord Protector according to a written constitution known as the Instrument of Government. This military dictatorship, however, proved to be no more effective than Charles's rule had been and had become just as harsh and hated | |
| 104656582 | Act of Settlement | provided that the English crown would go to the German Hanovers if none of Queen Anne's children survived | |
| 104656583 | Interregnum | any period during which a state has no ruler or only a temporary executive. | |
| 104656584 | English Restoration | (1660), resembled everything before except Charles II was on the throne, Parliament was more willing to work with Charles II and Charles II was more willing to work with Parliament, but then the king and Parliament were at odds again, with religion being the central issue | |
| 104656585 | Charles II | 1630--85, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660--85) following the Restoration (1660); son of Charles I. He did much to promote commerce, science, and the Navy, but his Roman Catholic sympathies caused widespread distrust | |
| 104656586 | Test Act | Parliament passed this in response to Charles II's declaration of indulgences; required all military members to swear an oath against transubstantiation. | |
| 104656587 | Royal Declaration of Indulgences | Charles II attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists; suspended the execution of penal laws that punished recusants from the Church of England. | |
| 104656588 | recusants | refusing to attend services of the Church of England. | |
| 104656589 | Whigs | a member of a major political party (1679-1832) in Great Britain that held liberal principles and favored reforms: later called the Liberal party. | |
| 104656590 | Tories | a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist | |
| 104656591 | James II | 1633--1701, king of England, Ireland, and, as James VII, of Scotland (1685--88); son of Charles I. His pro-Catholic sympathies and arbitrary rule caused the Whigs and Tories to unite in inviting his eldest surviving daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, to take the throne as joint monarchs. James was defeated at the Boyne (1690) when he attempted to regain the throne | |
| 104656592 | Glorious Revolution | the events of 1688-89 by which James II was expelled and the sovereignty conferred on William and Mary. (also called Bloodless Revolution) | |
| 104656593 | English Bill of Rights | King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. | |
| 104656594 | Toleration Act | This guaranteed religious freedom to almost all Protestants in England under the monarchy of William and Mary. | |
| 104656595 | Mary II of England | daughter of James II and Anne Hyde. Married to William of Orange. | |
| 104656596 | Anne I of England | sister of Mary II, took throne after Mary II and William III died | |
| 104656597 | Hanoverians | a new dynasty replacing Stuart line. Protestant rulers of the German state of Hanover offered to rule Britain | |
| 104656598 | Robert Walpole | Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745) | |
| 104656599 | South Sea Bubble | sold shares but then went bankrupt, Walpole made Parliament give the investors their money back, created trust for the English economy | |
| 104656600 | William Pitt | English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778) | |
| 104656601 | Thomas Hobbes | wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society | |
| 104656602 | Leviathan | a philosophical work (1651) written by Thomas Hobbes dealing with the political organization of society. | |
| 104656603 | John Locke | believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property | |
| 104656604 | tabula rasa | John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. | |
| 104656605 | Second Treatise of Civil Government | written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence | |
| 104656606 | hegemony | leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation. | |
| 104656607 | Seven Years' War | (1756-1763) war in which England and Prussia defeated France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony. Known as French and Indian War in American History. | |
| 104656608 | Peace of Hubertusburg | treaty between Prussia and Austria ending the Seven Years' War in Germany |
