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| 8212620785 | erosion | the movement of soil or rock particles from one place to another, usually caused by wind or flowing water | 0 | |
| 8212620786 | organic content | includes leaves, animal wastes, and any materials derived from living (or dead) organisms. Soils with high organic content tend too be more fertile because the decay of organic material returns nutrients to the soil | 1 | |
| 8212620787 | Fertility | a measure of essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) found in a soil sample | 2 | |
| 8212620788 | organic fertilzers | add decayed organic material like composted plants or animal wastes. decayed organic material increases fertility gradually as the materials decompose. organic fertilizers supply the full range of micro nutrients and aid in the maintenance of good soil texture | 3 | |
| 8212620789 | inorganic fertilizers | useful because farmers can target specific soil needs and add only the necessary chemicals. release nutrients immediately which can also lead to depletion of micro nutrients and soil compaction. | 4 | |
| 8212620790 | causes of erosion | soils that contain more organic material and allow water to infiltrate and drain through tend to have less erosion and agricultural practices leading to loss or organic content, compaction, and reduced plant coverage tend to increase problems with erosion | 5 | |
| 8212620791 | effects of erosion | leads to loss of topsoil and reduced arability | 6 | |
| 8212620792 | no till | soil is disturbed little or not at all to reduce soil erosion by using a machine to insert the seed into the soil | 7 | |
| 8212620793 | terracing | used when farming on sloped land. cutting steps or planting on a slope of land reduces the rate of water runoff |  | 8 |
| 8212620794 | soil coverage | when harvesting, cut plant material are left to decay on the field. in seasons when a field is not planted, plant-cover crops, like native grasses or nitrogen fixing legumes are planted to hold soil in place. | 9 | |
| 8212620795 | special irrigation methods | methods such as drip irrigation reduce pooling or runoff | 10 | |
| 8212620796 | less intensive land use | crops are rotated from one field to another, and a few unplanted fields are left to allow recovery of nutrients and organic matter. | 11 | |
| 8212620797 | composition of soil | 45% mineral, 25% air, 25% water, 5% organic matter | 12 | |
| 8212620798 | gravel | coarse particles | 13 | |
| 8212620799 | sand | water flows through too quickly for most crops. good for crops and plant requiring low amounts of water | 14 | |
| 8212620800 | loam | about equal mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus. rich in nutrients. holds water but does not become water logged. particle size can vary. | 15 | |
| 8212620801 | silt | sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles between the size of sand and clay. easily transported by water. | 16 | |
| 8212620802 | clay | very fine particles. compacts easily. forms large, dense clumps when wet. low permeability to water; therefore, upper layers become waterlogged | 17 | |
| 8212620803 | humus | black or dark brown organic material that remains after much decomposition has occured on | 18 | |
| 8212620804 | contour planting | crops are planted in rows that are perpendicular to hills to form water breaks that prevent soil erosion |  | 19 |
| 8212620805 | strip cropping | a special type of contour plowing which produces alternating strips of different crops |  | 20 |
| 8212620806 | shelterbelts | a row of trees are planted as a windbreak to reduce soil erosion of agricultural lands | 21 | |
| 8212620807 | nutrient | element necessary for growth and reproduction | 22 | |
| 8212620808 | deficiency | plant condition where an essential nutrient is not sufficiently available | 23 | |
| 8212620809 | primary nutrients | nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium | 24 | |
| 8212620810 | secondary nutrients | calcium, magnesium, sulfur | 25 | |
| 8212620811 | nitrogen nutrient | gives plants green coloring | 26 | |
| 8212620812 | phosphorous nutrient | stimulates plant growth | 27 | |
| 8212620813 | potassium nutrient | stiffens stalks and straws | 28 | |
| 8212620814 | calcium nutrient | gives plant strength promotes root and leaf growth | 29 | |
| 8212620815 | magnesium nutrient | photosynthesis | 30 | |
| 8212620816 | sulfur nutrient | seed production | 31 | |
| 8212620817 | micronutrients | iron manganese boron molybdenum copper zinc chlorine | 32 | |
| 8212620818 | construction erosion | construction causes soil to be overturned, which makes it susceptible to runoff | 33 | |
| 8212620819 | erosion control fence | used for construction erosion with a silt fence fabric that prevents soil from passing through | 34 | |
| 8212620820 | riparian habitat | vegetation grows along the river in order to slow down and prevent runoff from entering the river | 35 | |
| 8212620821 | pest | any organism that has a negative effect on human health or economics | 36 | |
| 8212620822 | philosophies of pest control | chemical technology, ecological pest management | 37 | |
| 8212620823 | chemical technology | Use of chemicals to kill large numbers of the pest Short-term protection Environmental and health consequences | 38 | |
| 8212620824 | ecological pest management | Control based on pest life cycle and ecology Control agent may be an organism or chemical Specific to pest and/or manipulate a part of the ecosystem Emphasizes protection from pest | 39 | |
| 8212620825 | Integrated Pest Management | controlling pest populations using all suitable methods - chemical and ecological for long term management an minimal enviro impact | 40 | |
| 8212620826 | insecticides | kills insects | 41 | |
| 8212620827 | herbicides | kills plants | 42 | |
| 8212620828 | rodenticides | kills rodents | 43 | |
| 8212620829 | fungicides | kills mildews and rusts | 44 | |
| 8212620830 | acaracides | kills ticks and mites | 45 | |
| 8212620831 | bacteriocide | kills bacteria such as antibiotic | 46 | |
| 8212620832 | first gen pesticides (inorganic) | First attempt at chemical technology Included heavy metals such as arsenic, copper and lead. Toxic to humans and agricultural plants. Pests developed resistance | 47 | |
| 8212620833 | second gen pesticides | Organic chemical (organochlorines). Used after WWII (presently in developing countries) Synthesis begins with petroleum ("oil") Mechanism of actions often unknown. Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification. Toxic to animals (humans) and agricultural plants. Pests developed resistance. | 48 | |
| 8212620834 | third gen pesticides | Organophosphates and carbamates Less persistent in environment (good deal) Acutely potent nerve toxins More lethal in low dose than organochlorines | 49 | |
| 8212620835 | fourth gen pesticides | Endocrine disruptors (hormonal chaos) Target a critical life cycle stage of insects. Not direct killers per say. Reduce reproduction (fertility) of population. | 50 | |
| 8212620836 | Problems with chemical technology problems | Development of resistance by pests Resurgences (pest comes back stronger) Secondary pest outbreaks (different pest) Adverse human health effects Adverse environmental health effects | 51 | |
| 8212620837 | resurgences | after "eliminating" a pest, its population rebounds in even higher numbers than previous levels | 52 | |
| 8212620838 | secondary outbreaks | outbreaks of species' populations that were not previously at pest levels | 53 | |
| 8212620839 | biomagnification | the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed | 54 | |
| 8212620840 | natural pest control | Cultural control Control by natural enemies Genetic control Natural chemical control | 55 | |
| 8212620841 | genetic control | Plants or animals are bred to be resistant to the attack of pests | 56 | |
| 8212620842 | practices for integrated pest management | inspecting crops and monitoring crops for damage using mechanical trapping devices natural predators (e.g., insects that eat other insects) insect growth regulators mating disruption substances (pheromones) if necessary, chemical pesticides | 57 | |
| 8212620843 | water makes up what percentage of the soil? | 25% | 58 | |
| 8212620844 | air makes up what percentage of the soil? | 25% | 59 | |
| 8212620845 | mineral nutrients make up what percentage of the soil? | 45% | 60 | |
| 8212620846 | organic material makes up what percentage of the soil? | 5% | 61 | |
| 8212620847 | what is a trend seen in agricultural industries today? | increase in the periodic use of legumes, such as soybeans, to supply the soil with natural nitrogen | 62 | |
| 8212620848 | what is soil made of? | water, air, minerals, organic material | 63 | |
| 8212620849 | sand particle size | 0.05-2mm | 64 | |
| 8212620850 | silt particle size | 0.002-.05mm | 65 | |
| 8212620851 | clay particle size | less than .002mm | 66 | |
| 8212620852 | what percentage of each soil particle do you want? | 33% of each (sand, silt, clay) | 67 | |
| 8212620853 | gmo | genetically modified organism | 68 | |
| 8212620854 | gmo pros | may require less water and fertilizer, higher crop yields, more resistant to disease, drought, frost, and insects | 69 | |
| 8212620855 | gmo cons | unknown ecological effects, less biodiversity, may pose allergen risk | 70 | |
| 8212620856 | DDT | insecticide that is extremely effective at killing mosquitoes and was widely used starting in the 1940s | 71 | |
| 8212620857 | Rachel Carson | wrote Silent Spring, which detailed the harmful effects of DDT on the natural environment, especially birds | 72 | |
| 8212620858 | conventional agriculture methods | system characterized by mechanization, monocultures, and the use of synthetic inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides, with an emphasis on maximizing productivity and profitabilty | 73 | |
| 8212620859 | organic agriculture methods | relies on crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests | 74 | |
| 8212620860 | malnutrition | an unbalanced diet that does not contain the right quantity and quality of nutrients necessary for adequate nutrition | 75 | |
| 8212620861 | under-nutrition | caloric intake is below the minimum dietary energy recquirement | 76 | |
| 8212620862 | ways to prevent soil erosion | no till, contour planting, terracing, crop rotation | 77 | |
| 8212620863 | crop rotation | planting a field with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion, as the depletion can cause erosion | 78 | |
| 8212620864 | ribbon test | soil analysis practice where soil is squeezed to see and then examined to see how it stays together to determine its sand/silt/clay | 79 |
