12th edition
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| 1918695585 | Immigration | moving into somewhere - slowed by European war/econ crises in America for first 30 yrs. 19th cent. - 1830 foreign born less than 500k, 1832 rose 60k, 1837 rose 80k - transportation costs lowering and European econ declining - introduces new groups esp. south of Ireland starting to bring Irish Catholics to continue until Civil War - many immigrants go to Northeast cities but urban growth b/c of internal migration West: New England land getting worse so go to better western lands or eastern cities, 1790: 1/30 in city- 1820: 1/20- 1840: 1/12 | 0 | |
| 1918695586 | Urban Growth | expansion in cities/population growth as whole - also b/c of flow to cities from Northeast farms that were declining b/c of Euro/American West competition and worsening soil -1/3 23 mil to 31 mil in 50s, bigger than UK reaching France/Germany | 1 | |
| 1918695587 | Nativism | defend native born, treat foreign w/hostility to slow/stop immigration | 2 | |
| 1918695588 | Know-Nothings | groups combine 1850 to make Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner: demand banning Catholics/foreign-born from holding office/tighter naturalization laws/literacy tests for voting, strict code of secrecy with password "I know nothing" - soon go to party politics and make American Party of election of 1852, in East great success after election of 1854 (large amount in PA/NY/controlled MA), West found it expedient not to oppose naturalized Protestants - decline 1854, biggest impact was contribution to collapse of parties (Whig/Dems) and creation of new ones | 3 | |
| 1918695589 | Turnpike Era | 1790-1820 Americans rely on roads/horses but in large country not enough anymore so 20-30 look for other forms of transport | 4 | |
| 1918695590 | Erie Canal | • NY first w/advantage of land route from Hudson to Erie through only break in Appalachian chain, engineering big task for 350 miles (longer than any existing one)/ ridges and wilderness in way, De Witt Clinton governor 1817 digging started 7/4/17 - biggest construction project yet (canal simple 40ft wide 4ft deep w/towpaths along banks) but many cuts/fills difficult, stone aqueducts needed, masonry w/gates, - engineer success and financial one when open Oct. 1825 (7 yrs. repaid costs), gave NY direct access to Chicago/West markets NY could compete w/New Orleans for agri./West products/manufactured goods for region | 5 | |
| 1918695591 | New York City | primacy, largest city, much influence, much trade connection | 6 | |
| 1918695592 | Railroad consolidation | linking short lines to longer ones (trunk lines) | 7 | |
| 1918695593 | Telegraph | lines along the tracks connecting stations and helping scheduling/routing of trains - allows instant communication btwn. cities/ties nation together spark 1844 when Samuel F. B. Morse succeed in get James K. Polk's president nomination announcement Baltimore to Washington, cheap cost made Morse system seem like great solution | 8 | |
| 1918695594 | Associated Press | promote "cooperative news gathering by wire" instead of just papers | 9 | |
| 1918695595 | Corporations | quickly in 30s when legal hurdles removed: used to be hard to get charter for, now just a fee - new laws give system of limited liability: individual stockholders risk only own investment not responsible for any larger losses of it - rise of them made it possible to gather more capital/manufacturing/business | 10 | |
| 1918695596 | Factory System | hiring for poor conditions but still better than Europeans to work looms/mills in repetitive long days - many start to turn away from water allowing expansion | 11 | |
| 1918695597 | Interchangeable parts | - important to industry - Eli Whitney/Simeon North tried to start in gun factories now in factories, would revolutionize watch/clock/trains/steam engine/farm tools, - help bring bikes/sewing machines/typewriters/cash registers/automobile | 12 | |
| 1918695598 | Merchant Capitalists | entrepreneurs engaged mostly in foreign/domestic trade and invest some profits into small-scale manufacturing ventures - make lots of money esp. independent | 13 | |
| 1918695599 | Lowell System | hire young, unmarried girls for decent conditions (better than England) until save enough to go home and marry - hard to adjust to changes - eventually fails when can't keep up with nice conditions | 14 | |
| 1918695600 | Factory Girls Association | struck against 25% wage cut/2 yrs. later against rent increase both fail and 1837 recession destroys them - 8 yrs. later led by Sarah Bagley made Female Labor Reform Association and wanted 10 hour day/better conditions and went to state gov. but by then women shifting to teaching/domestic service/marriage and immigrants work | 15 | |
| 1918695601 | Trade Unions | societies for mutual aid: 20s-30s combine citywide and make these, widening markets showed advantages to joining forces and went national - 1834 delegates of 6 cities made National xxxx and in 1836 printers/cordwainers had own national craft xxx - this went bad in hostile laws/courts: common law viewed combination of workers illegal/Panic of 1837 weaken them, efforts not stopped/got control of lives | 16 | |
| 1918695602 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | 1842, declare unions/strikes legal | 17 | |
| 1918695603 | Gap Between the Rich and the Poor | wealth distributed highly unequally with a small amount of the population owning most of the wealth in America - very poor/desperate class starts to arise | 18 | |
| 1918695604 | Middle Class Life | - fastest growing group, result of growth of industrial econ/increasing commercial life with it: econ development let people own businesses/shops/trade/have organizations - homes becoming more lavish and lush with material goods | 19 | |
| 1918695605 | Cult of Domesticity | women keeps house with right behavior and as safe place to control husbands' impulses - benefits: more comfort/more value to women's role - cons: cut off from public | 20 | |
| 1919107907 | Commercial Agriculture | pick one market crop like wheat or hogs | 21 | |
| 1919107908 | "highbrow culture" and "lowbrow culture": | - upper access to Shakespeare, more educated - lower barred from these readings and seen lesser of | 22 | |
| 1919107909 | McCormick Repear | -automatic -Cyrus H. xxx of VA -let 6-7 men harvest as much wheat as 15 in one day -patent 1834 -factory in Chicago 1847 -1860 100k+ used on farms in west | 23 | |
| 1919107910 | Rural Life | - smaller/more isolated - joined by religion - joined by big tasks like barns/harvests to work together - cut off but appreciated as old way | 24 |
