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| 35360760 | Prokaryotic cell | Type of cell that contains no nucleus nor any membrane bound organelles. Example includes bacteria | |
| 35360761 | Eukaryotic cell | Type of cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Examples include animal, plant, fungus, and protist. | |
| 35360762 | Hypotonic | term when comparing two seperate locations solute concentration, refers to the area of lower solute concentration | |
| 35360763 | Hypertonic | term when comparing two seperate locations solute concentration, refers to the area of higher solute concentration | |
| 35360764 | Isotonic | term when comparing two seperate locations solute concentration, refers to the area of equal solute concentration | |
| 36673749 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway | |
| 36673750 | fixed action pattern | an innate, highly stereotypic behavior that once beun is continued to completion, no matter how useless | |
| 36673751 | flaccid | soft, weak | |
| 36673752 | flagella | whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement | |
| 36675144 | enzyme | any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions | |
| 36675145 | ester linkage | chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid (one containing an oxo group, X=O) with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol | |
| 36675146 | Eukaryotic cell | an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes | |
| 36675147 | exocytosis | durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane | |
| 36695108 | Photorespiration | acts to undo the process of photosynthesis carbon dioxide is released without making ATP and NADPH | |
| 36695109 | Photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | |
| 36695110 | Photosystem I | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. | |
| 36695111 | Photosystem II | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. | |
| 36696119 | Non-cyclic photophosphorylation | •Light-driven ATP synthesis in which water is the electron donor and NADP the electron acceptor. | |
| 36716706 | Nucleus | the center in a eukaryotic cell which contains DNA and the "blueprints" to a cell. | |
| 36716707 | Operant conditioning | conditioning through a system of "trial and error." | |
| 36716708 | Osmosis | the diffusion of water; a passive process in which water molecules will try to reach a state of equilibrium by going from a higher concentration to lower concentration. | |
| 36716709 | Oxidation | the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. | |
| 36726213 | NAD+/NADH | A coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism. | |
| 36726214 | NADP+/NADPH | A coenzyme, occurring in most living cells and utilized similarly to NAD but interacting with different metabolites. | |
| 36726215 | net primary productivity | The gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producers for cellular respiration; represents the storage of chemical energy in an ecosystem available to consumers. | |
| 36726216 | Non competitive inhibitor | Some thing that affects the alloesteric site of an enzyme which denatures the it. | |
| 36798405 | Population | A group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area. | |
| 36798406 | Primary succession | A type of ecological succesion that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms. | |
| 36798407 | Polysaccharide | A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis. | |
| 36798408 | Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. | |
| 36801103 | Peptide Bond | The covalent bond between two amino acids. | |
| 36801104 | Peripheral Proteins | A protein appendage loosely bound to the surface of a membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer | |
| 36801105 | Peroxisome | A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. | |
| 36801106 | pH scale | Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 | |
| 36903525 | desmosomes | specialized junctions that hold adjacent cell together, consist of dense plate at point of adhesion plus extracellular cementing material | |
| 36903526 | diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | |
| 36903527 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics | |
| 36903528 | dominance hierarchy | form of social ranking within a group in which some individuals are more subordinate than others | |
| 36938341 | Aerobic | Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen | |
| 36938342 | Agnostic Behavior | A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food | |
| 36938343 | Alcohol Fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product | |
| 36938344 | Allosteric Site | A specific receptor site of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site. Molecules bind to the allosteric site and change the shape of the active site, making it either more or less receptive to the substrate | |
| 36985154 | Catabolism | The breaking down of stuff | |
| 36985155 | Catalyst | Lowers the activation energy of a reaction without being consumed | |
| 36985156 | Cell Wall | A proactive layer external to the polasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In the case of plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, where as the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid. | |
| 36985157 | Cellular Respiration | The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fluid | |
| 36991172 | Carbon fixation | the incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic bacterium). | |
| 36991173 | Carbonyl group | a functional group present in aldehydes and ketones, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. | |
| 36991174 | Carboxyl group | a functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. | |
| 36991175 | carrying capacity | the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K | |
| 36995409 | Proton Gradient | used to create ATP. H+ in the thylakoid space can only diffuse down it gradient through an enzyme called ATPsynthase. ATPsynthase consists of two parts. One is a proton channel that allows the H+ to diffuse into the stroma. The other part couples this process to the phosphorylation of ADP to from ATP. | |
| 36995410 | Proton motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis. | |
| 36995411 | Quaternary Structure | The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristc three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. | |
| 36995412 | Reaction center chlorophyll | consists of a cluster of proteins plus a pair of chlorophyll molecules and some electron carriers. Plants and cyanobacteria have two distinct reaction centers which operate in series whereas anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria have only a single reaction center. | |
| 37053156 | Pinocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes | |
| 37053157 | Plasma Membrane | the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition | |
| 37053158 | Plasmodesmata | an open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells | |
| 37053159 | Polymer | a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers | |
| 37089642 | Tertiary structure | Irregular 3-D contortions of a protein molecule | |
| 37089643 | Thylakoid membrane | the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains | |
| 37089644 | Tight junctions | a type of intercelluar junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of materials between cells | |
| 37089645 | Triglyceride | 3 fatty acids (chains of hydrocarbons) bonded to a glycerol, most fats are eaten and absorbed in this form, carbohydrate | |
| 37114812 | Oxidation Phosphorylation | A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). | |
| 37114813 | Parasitism | A type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. | |
| 37114814 | Passive Transport | The process of moving biochemicals and atomic or molecular substances across the cell membrane. This process does not require chemical energy. | |
| 37114815 | PEP Carboxylase | An enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate. This reaction is used for carbon fixation in so-called "CAM" and "C4" plants where it plays a key role in photosynthesis. | |
| 37158724 | secondary succession | an episode of succession that occurs in areas where there has been previous growth, such as abandoned fields or forest clearings | |
| 37158725 | selective permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. | |
| 37158726 | sign stimulus | an external sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern | |
| 37158727 | smooth er | synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells) involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs to make soluble and easier to flush from body | |
| 37166635 | Mesophyll cells | A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface. | |
| 37166636 | Microfilaments | fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton. | |
| 37166637 | Microtubules | hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell. | |
| 37166638 | Mimicry | the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects. | |
| 37173336 | producer | an autotroph, which collectivley makes up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimatley supports all other levels usually a photosynthetic organism | |
| 37173337 | product | a substance obtained from another substance through chemical change | |
| 37173338 | productivity | the rate at which light energy or inorganic chemical energy is converted to the chemical energy of organic compounds by autotrophs in an ecosystem | |
| 37173339 | prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus | |
| 37199094 | Nucleiod Region | The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA. | |
| 37199095 | Nucleolus | a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus where ribosomes are made | |
| 37199096 | Nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid, monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | |
| 37209174 | Rough ER | The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes. | |
| 37209175 | r-selected | The concept that in certain (k-selected) populations, life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival. | |
| 37209176 | Rubisco (RUBP carboxylase) | a plant protein which fixes carbon in photosynthetic organisms and accepts oxygen in place of carbon dioxide. | |
| 37209177 | Secondary Structure | The localized, repetitive, coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkage, | |
| 37224640 | ecological niche | the functional role and position of a species (population) within a community or ecosystem including what resources it uses how and when it uses the resources and how it interacts with other populationsEcotone | |
| 37224641 | ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment | |
| 37224642 | endocytosis | the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane | |
| 37224643 | endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. | |
| 37581957 | Mitochondrion | An organell in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration | |
| 37581958 | Monomer | The subunite that serves as the building block of a polymer | |
| 37581959 | Monosaccharide | The simplist carbohydreate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides or polysaccharides | |
| 37581960 | Mutualism | A symbiotic relationship in which both the host and the symbiote benefit | |
| 39844783 | Substrate | The substance on which an enzyme works. | |
| 39844784 | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. | |
| 40694501 | exponential growth | when a population increases at an increasing RATE |  |
| 40694502 | extracellular matrix | a part of animal tissue that provides structural support to the cell | |
| 40694503 | facilitated diffusion | a kind of passive transport where the stuff is helped along by transport proteins; the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a membrane | |
| 40694504 | fatty acid | building blocks of lipids |  |
