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All AP Physics Concepts 226 Flashcards

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64033847What two entities comprise a vector?Magnitude and direction0
64033848What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?Break it up into x and y components using trig, add up the components.1
64033849How are velocity and speed different?Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.2
64033850What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?velocity3
64033851What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.The velocity is positive4
64033852What is acceleration?How quickly you change velocity.5
64033853What is the area under the velocity time graph?Displacement6
64033854What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?The initial velocity, (Vo in the formulas)7
64033855What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?The CHANGE in velocity.8
64033856What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?ZERO9
64033857What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?Vertical direction10
64033858What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?They fall, vertically, the by the same amount in the same time.11
64033859What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls "t" seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 Remember, the word "dropped" implies no initial velocity.12
64033860What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.13
64033861What equation describes the speed of a dropped object "t" seconds after it started moving?V=Vo + at ...The word "dropped" means no initial velocity.14
64033862What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.15
64033863What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.16
64033864What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the x direction?The body is moving at a constant velocity17
64033865What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?g=zero so h=(Vyo)t18
64033866When is sum of force (net force) zero.When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.19
64033867When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero.When a body's speed is changing.20
64033868What force is always present, and what is its equation?Weight ...w=mg21
64033869How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.22
64033870When is a normal force present, what is its direction?When the body rests on a surface.23
64033871What is the component of "mg" parallel to a slope?(mg)sin(angle)24
64033872What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^225
64033873In uniform circular motion, how is tangential velocity calculated?2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period26
64033874What is the direction of the centripetal force?The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.27
64033875What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)28
64033876How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?It is the net force pointing towards the center.29
64033877A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.30
64033878A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.31
64033879Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where "a" is the centripetal force.32
64033880How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)33
64033881How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)34
64033882If you double the mass of one planet, triple the mass of another, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction between them?The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.35
64033883What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and "r" squared?G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^236
64033884How can total momentum be calculated?Adding the momentum of all the bodies.37
64033885What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v38
64033886What is impulse?Impulse is the change in momentum39
64033887How does impulse relate to force?Impulse is (force)(time)40
64033888What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)41
64033889Work is the area under which curve?The graph of force vs displacement42
64033890What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body43
64033891What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.44
64033892What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)45
64033893What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates, or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?W=qV where "W" is the work, "q" is the charge and "V" is the potential difference measured in Volts.46
64033894What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial47
64033895What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant48
64033896What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?KE=Work49
64033897What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done, or that energy is used?Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.50
64033898In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PE and KE at the equilibrium position?Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.51
64033899In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PES, and K at maximum displacement?This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.52
64033900What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.53
64033901What is temperature?The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.54
64033902What is internal energy?The motion of the molecules in gas.55
64033903What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?A change in the gas' temperature.56
64033904What is heat?The transfer of thermal energy57
64033905What is meant by the terms system and environment?system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.58
64033906What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?PV=nRT and PV=kT59
64033907What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases.dU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment60
64033908What is an isothermal process, and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.61
64033909What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.62
64033910What is an adiabatic process?An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.63
64033911What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings64
64033912What is the area under any PV curve?Work done "BY" the gas.65
64033913Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.66
64033914Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.67
64033915Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)68
64033916Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)69
64033917Under what conditions is heat positive?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.70
64033918Under what conditions is heat negative?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.71
64033919How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.72
64033920What is the second law of thermodynamics?Statistically speaking, energy flows from hot to cold.73
64033921Describe the relationship between Qh, Qc, and W in a heat engine?Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh74
64033922How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.75
64033923Under what conditions does entropy increase?Entropy always increases.76
64033924What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.77
64033925In electrostatics, what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?"m" is replaced by "q," and "g" is replaced by "E." W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.78
64033926If you have two charges, and you double one charge and triple the other, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?According to Coulomb's Law, the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.79
64033927What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.80
64033928What is the difference between the variable "q" and "Q?""q" is a single particle's charge and "Q" is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...81
64033929What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical CONDUCTOR?Zero.82
64033930What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?Something other than zero.83
64033931What does the term potential difference mean?Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.84
64033932What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?V=kq/R85
64033933What does the term electric potential energy mean?Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE86
64033934What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates, decrease the distance between the plates,and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.87
64033935What forces charges to move?The electric field forces charges to move.88
64033936What do batteries and generators produce?A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.89
64033937What is the actual movement of charges, and how is it measured?The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.90
64033938What causes resistance?Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.91
64033939How does a wires composition effect resistance?But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.92
64033940How length effect resistance?The longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance.93
64033941How does thickness effect resistance?The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.94
64033942How does temperature effect resistance?The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.95
64033943What is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance?Ohm's Law: V=IR96
64033944What is the relationship between power, voltage and current?P=IV97
64033945What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?Current stays the same for resistors in series.98
64033946What quantity ADDS for resistors in seriesResistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...99
64033947What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.100
64033948What stays the same for capacitors in series?The charge on each capacitor.101
64033949What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?Parallel. Because the plates are shared.102
64033950What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB103
64033951How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)104
64033952What is the work done on a charged particle by the magnetic field? Why?ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)105
64033953How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N), B:=magnetic field (T), i=current (A), l=length of wire in the field (m), theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.106
64033954How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?Open right hand rule107
64033955What is electromagnetic induction?Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt108
64033956What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.109
64033957What is the difference between emf and voltage?Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.110
64033958What is the formula relating emf and voltage?V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts), E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts), IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)111
64033959How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.112
64033960What is the difference between a motor and a generator?A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.113
64033961What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.114
64033962Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave, Transverse Wave: Light wave, "The Wave" in a a crowd at a porting event.115
64033963What is the relationship between speed, frequency, and wavelength?wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)116
64033964What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength in any wave?E=hf=hc/(wavelength)117
64033965How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2118
64033966How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4119
64033967What cause an electromagnetic wave, and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.120
64033968What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?Radio, Infrared, Visible, UltraViolet, X-Rays, Gamma Rays.121
64033969What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?ROY-G-BIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet122
64033970What is the difference between reflection, refraction, and diffraction?Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.123
64033971Define reflectionThe bouncing of light124
64033972Define RefractionThe bending of light125
64033973Define diffractionBends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.126
64033974What is the law of reflection?The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.127
64033975Define Snell's law.(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)128
64033976What happens at the critical angle?The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)129
64033977When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.LESS to MORE dense, the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.130
64033978When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.MORE to LESS dense, the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.131
64033979How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.132
64033980What doesn't change (speed, frequency, or wavelength), when light moves from one medium to another?frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)133
64033981What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf134
64033982What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.135
64033983What shapes are converging lenses?Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.136
64033984What shape is a diverging lenses?Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.137
64033985What shape is a converging mirrors?Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.138
64033986What shape is a diverging mirror?convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.139
64033987Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?Converging lenses have a positive focal length.140
64033988Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.141
64033989What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.142
64033990What are the three rules needed for mirrors, since not all three work every time?(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.143
64033991Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?Diverging144
64033992Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image.Convex145
64033993Which kind of mirror can show a real image?Concave146
64033994Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?Convex147
64033995What makes an image "real?"The light travels through the image.148
64033996When are f, p, q, ho, hi, and M positive for mirrors?When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.149
64033997What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?No image.150
64033998What kind of mirror has a positive focus?Concave151
64033999What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?In front of the mirror, in the light.152
64034000What two things must be true for a positive magnification?(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.153
64034001When is the image negative for mirrors?When it is on the "dark" side of the mirror. Opposite the light.154
64034002When is the image negative for a lens?When it is on the same side as the image?155
64034003What is Huygen's Principle?Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.156
64034004State the significance of Young's Experiment.Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.157
64034005What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.158
64034006What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.159
64034007What did Thompson discover?The electron160
64034008What did Rutherford discover?The nucleus161
64034009What is the Bohr Model of the atom?That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.162
64034010What is the energy of a photon?E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J), h = Plank's constant, f=frequency (Hz)163
64034011What is mass energy equivalence?Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.164
64034012What does light absorption involve?The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.165
64034013What does light emission involve?Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes, a wavelength of light is given off.166
64034014What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single, free-floating, molecule. the ionization energy is higher than the wave function.167
64034015What is the photoelectric effect?It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.168
64034016What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons, (protons and neutrons.)169
64034017How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?Atomic mass number minus atomic number.170
64034018What is an isotope?Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14171
64034019What is the binding energy?The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.172
64034020What is the strong force?THe force that holds the nucleus together.173
64034021What causes radioactivity?The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.174
64034022What is transmutation?It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.175
64034023What are the three types of radiation?Alpha, Beta, and Gamma176
64034024What comprises alpha radiation?The release of a Helium nuclei, 4,2 He2+177
64034025What comprises beta radiation?The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.178
64034026What comprises gamma decay?The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.179
64034027Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?Alpha180
64034028Which type of radiation has the highest energy?Gamma181
64034029What is half life?It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.182
64034030What is force times the perpendicular distance?Torque183
64034031What is force times the parallel diplacement?Work184
64034032What is force times time?Impulse185
64034033What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?Moment arm186
64034034Define mass in terms of density.m=(rho)V187
64034035S.I. unit of pressurePascal188
64034036This is the gauge pressure when under water.(rho)gh189
64034037Continuity equationa1v1=a2v2190
64034038How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?Speed ups191
64034039Pressure of an open container at the opening.atmospheric pressure192
64034040This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.Bernoulli's equation193
64034041Flow RateVolume/time194
64034042Flow Rate(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)195
64034043BuoyancyForce lifting a body when it is in a fluid.196
64034044The "V" is (rho)VgThe volume under water197
64034045Force in terms of pressureForce= Pressure/Area198
64034046Condition for no rotationSum of the torques equal zero.199
64034047The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.initial velocity200
64034048S.I. unit of torqueN•m201
64034049S.I. unit of fluxWeber202
64034050S.I. unit of Flow ratem^3/s203
64034051S.I. unit of workJoule204
64034052S.I. unit of every kind of energyJoule205
64034053S.I. unit of powerWatt206
64034054S.I. unit of momentumkg•m/s207
64034055Unit that means the same thing as NmJoule208
64034056S.I. unit of centripetal forceNewton209
64034057S.I. unit of frictional forceNewton210
64034058S.I. unit of gravitational forceNewton211
64034059S.I. Unit of electric forceNewton212
64034060S.I. unit of magnetismTesla213
64034061Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.W = KE:final - KE:initial214
64034062Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged platesW=qV215
64034063Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.F=qE216
64034064Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.E=V/d217
64034065Unit of electric fieldN/C218
64034066Unit of energy for electricity.V ... Volt is a Joule/Coulomb219
64034067Energy of a SINGLE photonE=hf220
64034068Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.KE = (3/2)kT221
64034069Gauge Pressurepgh ..thats ("rho")(gravity's acceleration)(height)222
64034070Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.V=kq/R223
64034071Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.E=kq/R^2224
64034072Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.F=kq1q2/R^2225

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