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All AP Physics Concepts 226 Flashcards

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11256712830What two entities comprise a vector?Magnitude and direction0
11256712831What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?Break it up into x and y components using trig, add up the components.1
11256712832How are velocity and speed different?Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.2
11256712833What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?velocity3
11256712834What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.The velocity is positive4
11256712835What is acceleration?How quickly you change velocity.5
11256712836What is the area under the velocity time graph?Displacement6
11256712837What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?The initial velocity, (Vo in the formulas)7
11256712838What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?The CHANGE in velocity.8
11256712839What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?ZERO9
11256712840What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?Vertical direction10
11256712841What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?They fall, vertically, the by the same amount in the same time.11
11256712842What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls "t" seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 Remember, the word "dropped" implies no initial velocity.12
11256712843What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.13
11256712844What equation describes the speed of a dropped object "t" seconds after it started moving?V=Vo + at ...The word "dropped" means no initial velocity.14
11256712845What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.15
11256712846What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.16
11256712847What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the x direction?The body is moving at a constant velocity17
11256712848What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?g=zero so h=(Vyo)t18
11256712849When is sum of force (net force) zero.When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.19
11256712850When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero.When a body's speed is changing.20
11256712851What force is always present, and what is its equation?Weight ...w=mg21
11256712852How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.22
11256712853When is a normal force present, what is its direction?When the body rests on a surface.23
11256712854What is the component of "mg" parallel to a slope?(mg)sin(angle)24
11256712855What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^225
11256712856In uniform circular motion, how is tangential velocity calculated?2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period26
11256712857What is the direction of the centripetal force?The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.27
11256712858What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)28
11256712859How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?It is the net force pointing towards the center.29
11256712860A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.30
11256712861A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.31
11256712862Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where "a" is the centripetal force.32
11256712863How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)33
11256712864How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)34
11256712865If you double the mass of one planet, triple the mass of another, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction between them?The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.35
11256712866What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and "r" squared?G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^236
11256712867How can total momentum be calculated?Adding the momentum of all the bodies.37
11256712868What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v38
11256712869What is impulse?Impulse is the change in momentum39
11256712870How does impulse relate to force?Impulse is (force)(time)40
11256712871What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)41
11256712872Work is the area under which curve?The graph of force vs displacement42
11256712873What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body43
11256712874What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.44
11256712875What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)45
11256712876What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates, or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?W=qV where "W" is the work, "q" is the charge and "V" is the potential difference measured in Volts.46
11256712877What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial47
11256712878What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant48
11256712879What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?KE=Work49
11256712880What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done, or that energy is used?Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.50
11256712881In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PE and KE at the equilibrium position?Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.51
11256712882In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PES, and K at maximum displacement?This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.52
11256712883What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.53
11256712884What is temperature?The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.54
11256712885What is internal energy?The motion of the molecules in gas.55
11256712886What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?A change in the gas' temperature.56
11256712887What is heat?The transfer of thermal energy57
11256712888What is meant by the terms system and environment?system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.58
11256712889What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?PV=nRT and PV=kT59
11256712890What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases.dU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment60
11256712891What is an isothermal process, and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.61
11256712892What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.62
11256712893What is an adiabatic process?An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.63
11256712894What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings64
11256712895What is the area under any PV curve?Work done "BY" the gas.65
11256712896Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.66
11256712897Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.67
11256712898Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)68
11256712899Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)69
11256712900Under what conditions is heat positive?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.70
11256712901Under what conditions is heat negative?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.71
11256712902How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.72
11256712903What is the second law of thermodynamics?Statistically speaking, energy flows from hot to cold.73
11256712904Describe the relationship between Qh, Qc, and W in a heat engine?Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh74
11256712905How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.75
11256712906Under what conditions does entropy increase?Entropy always increases.76
11256712907What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.77
11256712908In electrostatics, what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?"m" is replaced by "q," and "g" is replaced by "E." W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.78
11256712909If you have two charges, and you double one charge and triple the other, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?According to Coulomb's Law, the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.79
11256712910What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.80
11256712911What is the difference between the variable "q" and "Q?""q" is a single particle's charge and "Q" is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...81
11256712912What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical CONDUCTOR?Zero.82
11256712913What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?Something other than zero.83
11256712914What does the term potential difference mean?Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.84
11256712915What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?V=kq/R85
11256712916What does the term electric potential energy mean?Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE86
11256712917What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates, decrease the distance between the plates,and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.87
11256712918What forces charges to move?The electric field forces charges to move.88
11256712919What do batteries and generators produce?A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.89
11256712920What is the actual movement of charges, and how is it measured?The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.90
11256712921What causes resistance?Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.91
11256712922How does a wires composition effect resistance?But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.92
11256712923How length effect resistance?The longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance.93
11256712924How does thickness effect resistance?The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.94
11256712925How does temperature effect resistance?The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.95
11256712926What is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance?Ohm's Law: V=IR96
11256712927What is the relationship between power, voltage and current?P=IV97
11256712928What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?Current stays the same for resistors in series.98
11256712929What quantity ADDS for resistors in seriesResistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...99
11256712930What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.100
11256712931What stays the same for capacitors in series?The charge on each capacitor.101
11256712932What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?Parallel. Because the plates are shared.102
11256712933What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB103
11256712934How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)104
11256712935What is the work done on a charged particle by the magnetic field? Why?ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)105
11256712936How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N), B:=magnetic field (T), i=current (A), l=length of wire in the field (m), theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.106
11256712937How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?Open right hand rule107
11256712938What is electromagnetic induction?Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt108
11256712939What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.109
11256712940What is the difference between emf and voltage?Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.110
11256712941What is the formula relating emf and voltage?V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts), E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts), IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)111
11256712942How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.112
11256712943What is the difference between a motor and a generator?A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.113
11256712944What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.114
11256712945Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave, Transverse Wave: Light wave, "The Wave" in a a crowd at a porting event.115
11256712946What is the relationship between speed, frequency, and wavelength?wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)116
11256712947What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength in any wave?E=hf=hc/(wavelength)117
11256712948How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2118
11256712949How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4119
11256712950What cause an electromagnetic wave, and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.120
11256712951What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?Radio, Infrared, Visible, UltraViolet, X-Rays, Gamma Rays.121
11256712952What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?ROY-G-BIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet122
11256712953What is the difference between reflection, refraction, and diffraction?Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.123
11256712954Define reflectionThe bouncing of light124
11256712955Define RefractionThe bending of light125
11256712956Define diffractionBends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.126
11256712957What is the law of reflection?The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.127
11256712958Define Snell's law.(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)128
11256712959What happens at the critical angle?The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)129
11256712960When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.LESS to MORE dense, the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.130
11256712961When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.MORE to LESS dense, the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.131
11256712962How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.132
11256712963What doesn't change (speed, frequency, or wavelength), when light moves from one medium to another?frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)133
11256712964What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf134
11256712965What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.135
11256712966What shapes are converging lenses?Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.136
11256712967What shape is a diverging lenses?Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.137
11256712968What shape is a converging mirrors?Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.138
11256712969What shape is a diverging mirror?convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.139
11256712970Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?Converging lenses have a positive focal length.140
11256712971Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.141
11256712972What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.142
11256712973What are the three rules needed for mirrors, since not all three work every time?(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.143
11256712974Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?Diverging144
11256712975Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image.Convex145
11256712976Which kind of mirror can show a real image?Concave146
11256712977Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?Convex147
11256712978What makes an image "real?"The light travels through the image.148
11256712979When are f, p, q, ho, hi, and M positive for mirrors?When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.149
11256712980What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?No image.150
11256712981What kind of mirror has a positive focus?Concave151
11256712982What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?In front of the mirror, in the light.152
11256712983What two things must be true for a positive magnification?(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.153
11256712984When is the image negative for mirrors?When it is on the "dark" side of the mirror. Opposite the light.154
11256712985When is the image negative for a lens?When it is on the same side as the image?155
11256712986What is Huygen's Principle?Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.156
11256712987State the significance of Young's Experiment.Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.157
11256712988What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.158
11256712989What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.159
11256712990What did Thompson discover?The electron160
11256712991What did Rutherford discover?The nucleus161
11256712992What is the Bohr Model of the atom?That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.162
11256712993What is the energy of a photon?E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J), h = Plank's constant, f=frequency (Hz)163
11256712994What is mass energy equivalence?Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.164
11256712995What does light absorption involve?The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.165
11256712996What does light emission involve?Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes, a wavelength of light is given off.166
11256712997What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single, free-floating, molecule. the ionization energy is higher than the wave function.167
11256712998What is the photoelectric effect?It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.168
11256712999What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons, (protons and neutrons.)169
11256713000How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?Atomic mass number minus atomic number.170
11256713001What is an isotope?Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14171
11256713002What is the binding energy?The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.172
11256713003What is the strong force?THe force that holds the nucleus together.173
11256713004What causes radioactivity?The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.174
11256713005What is transmutation?It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.175
11256713006What are the three types of radiation?Alpha, Beta, and Gamma176
11256713007What comprises alpha radiation?The release of a Helium nuclei, 4,2 He2+177
11256713008What comprises beta radiation?The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.178
11256713009What comprises gamma decay?The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.179
11256713010Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?Alpha180
11256713011Which type of radiation has the highest energy?Gamma181
11256713012What is half life?It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.182
11256713013What is force times the perpendicular distance?Torque183
11256713014What is force times the parallel diplacement?Work184
11256713015What is force times time?Impulse185
11256713016What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?Moment arm186
11256713017Define mass in terms of density.m=(rho)V187
11256713018S.I. unit of pressurePascal188
11256713019This is the gauge pressure when under water.(rho)gh189
11256713020Continuity equationa1v1=a2v2190
11256713021How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?Speed ups191
11256713022Pressure of an open container at the opening.atmospheric pressure192
11256713023This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.Bernoulli's equation193
11256713024Flow RateVolume/time194
11256713025Flow Rate(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)195
11256713026BuoyancyForce lifting a body when it is in a fluid.196
11256713027The "V" is (rho)VgThe volume under water197
11256713028Force in terms of pressureForce= Pressure/Area198
11256713029Condition for no rotationSum of the torques equal zero.199
11256713030The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.initial velocity200
11256713031S.I. unit of torqueN•m201
11256713032S.I. unit of fluxWeber202
11256713033S.I. unit of Flow ratem^3/s203
11256713034S.I. unit of workJoule204
11256713035S.I. unit of every kind of energyJoule205
11256713036S.I. unit of powerWatt206
11256713037S.I. unit of momentumkg•m/s207
11256713038Unit that means the same thing as NmJoule208
11256713039S.I. unit of centripetal forceNewton209
11256713040S.I. unit of frictional forceNewton210
11256713041S.I. unit of gravitational forceNewton211
11256713042S.I. Unit of electric forceNewton212
11256713043S.I. unit of magnetismTesla213
11256713044Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.W = KE:final - KE:initial214
11256713045Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged platesW=qV215
11256713046Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.F=qE216
11256713047Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.E=V/d217
11256713048Unit of electric fieldN/C218
11256713049Unit of energy for electricity.V ... Volt is a Joule/Coulomb219
11256713050Energy of a SINGLE photonE=hf220
11256713051Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.KE = (3/2)kT221
11256713052Gauge Pressurepgh ..thats ("rho")(gravity's acceleration)(height)222
11256713053Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.V=kq/R223
11256713054Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.E=kq/R^2224
11256713055Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.F=kq1q2/R^2225

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