500 B.C. - 500 A.D.
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| 8078364075 | Second Wave Civilizations | Followed first civilization, Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian | 0 | |
| 8078364076 | Ahura Mazda | Creator God, the force for good; Persian in origin | 1 | |
| 8078364077 | Royal Road | A road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia. | 2 | |
| 8078364078 | satraps | Persian administrators, usually members of the royal family, who governed a satrapy. | 3 | |
| 8078364079 | Persian infrastructure | currenency, taxes, built Royal Road, mail system, standardized coinage, predictable taxes | 4 | |
| 8078364080 | Indo-Europeans | A group pf semi-nomadic peoples who, around 2000 B.C.E., began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East | 5 | |
| 8078364081 | Hellenes | Collective name of the ancient Greeks for themselves | 6 | |
| 8078364082 | tyrants | A leader in ancient Greece who seized power by force rather than by inheriting it; generally they were benevolent | 7 | |
| 8078364083 | helot | In ancient Sparta, captive peoples who were forced to work for their conquerors | 8 | |
| 8078364084 | Reforms of Solon | Outlawed debt slavery, opened access to public office to a greater pool of men, all citizens were allowed to take part in the assembly | 9 | |
| 8078364085 | Battle of Marathon | (490 B.C.E.) Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army. | 10 | |
| 8078364086 | Peloponnesian War | (431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. | 11 | |
| 8078364087 | Hellenistic Era | Alexander the Great created an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language and Greek ideas to the non-Greek world. Creation of Alexandria in Egypt, advancements in the sciences, encouragement of Greek immigration to southwest Asia | 12 | |
| 8078364088 | Alexander of Macedon | The son of King Philip who inherited all of his father's army. A very powerful and successful leader. He and his army conquered all of Persia and into India. He neglected to appoint a successor so all his conquered land was split up and distributed. | 13 | |
| 8078364089 | Hoplites | Citizen-soldiers of Greek city-states | 14 | |
| 8078364090 | Patricians | A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies. | 15 | |
| 8078364091 | Plebians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders | 16 | |
| 8078364092 | tribune | In ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights. | 17 | |
| 8078364093 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 18 | |
| 8078364094 | Republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | 19 | |
| 8078364095 | Julius Caesar | 100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful. | 20 | |
| 8078364096 | Caesar Agustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Ceaser who emerged as sole ruler of the roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war | 21 | |
| 8078364097 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163) | 22 | |
| 8078364098 | Great Wall of China | A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China. | 23 | |
| 8078364099 | Legalism | strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit; Chinese philosophy under the Qin | 24 | |
| 8078364100 | Confucianism | A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture | 25 | |
| 8078364101 | Roman Senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. | 26 | |
| 8078364102 | First Triumverate | 60- 46 B.C. Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. Formed triumverate because they wanted to get the government back to the way it was, they knew they couldnt rule by themselves, want the republic to be stable again. Failed because Pompey became jealous of Caesar, he ordered him back to Rome but caesar refused, made an irrevirsible decision "crossing the rubicon", Caesar defeated popmpey in egypt | 27 | |
| 8078364103 | Second Triumvirate | Made by the Adoptive son of Julius Caesar and included Marc Anthony, Octavian, and a third less important member Lepidus. They split the empire between them with Octavian ruling Rome, Anthony Egypt and Lepidus Africa. Octavian would gain political power in Rome making Anthony seem like a weaker man for being seduced by Cleopatra and made him declare war against Octavian. He eventually won. | 28 | |
| 8078364104 | Sassanid Empire | the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years.[1] The Sassanid dynasty was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, in Persia | 29 | |
| 8078364105 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. | 30 | |
| 8078364106 | Kaaba | (Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine | 31 | |
| 8078364107 | Muhammad Ibn ABdullah | The Prophet of Islam (570-632 CE) | 32 | |
| 8078364108 | Quran | Islamic holy book | 33 | |
| 8078364177 | umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 34 | |
| 8078364178 | Jihad | A term that is popularly understood to mean "holy war" but is preferably translated as "utmost struggle" and refers to a personal struggle to uphold the tenets of Islam. | 35 | |
| 8078364179 | Hijra | Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE) | 36 | |
| 8078364180 | Caliph | A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government | 37 | |
| 8078364181 | Sunni | The largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph became known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah or "the people of tradition and unification" in order to differentiate them from the Shia, who rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph. | 38 | |
| 8078364182 | Shiite | a member of one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders | 39 | |
| 8078364183 | Umayyad Empire | dynasty of caliphs that ruled the Muslim empire until 750 CE, operated out of Damascus, Syria - this empire spread Islam made Arabic official language, established ONE currency, built postal routes, built roads | 40 | |
| 8078364184 | Abbasid | A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.The Abbasid dynasty controlled the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258. It was the second of the two greatest dynasties, overthrowing the Umayyads to gain control, and destroyed by the invasion of the Mongols | 41 | |
| 8078364185 | sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 42 | |
| 8078364186 | hadith | Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations | 43 | |
| 8078364109 | Chinese Examination System | A political feature of Chinese empires, starting with the Han and lasting until the early 1900s, in which young Chinese scholars would take rigorous, state-sponsored exams in order to earn government positions as bureaucrats. This system allowed for some lower-class citizens to rise to political prominence, but this was rare. | 44 | |
| 8078364110 | Wu Di | The Chinese emperor who established an imperial academy where potential civil servants were formally trained. | 45 | |
| 8078364111 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony. | 46 | |
| 8078364112 | Scholar Gentry | Class that controlled much land and provided most candidates for civil service; replaced the old landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of Chinese Dynasty; Agricultural society | 47 | |
| 8078364113 | Varna | (Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis) | 48 | |
| 8078364114 | Jatis | "sub-castes"; the castes were divided into hundreds of these; usually linked with a certain occupation; unchangeable, you had to be in that group for the rest of your life | 49 | |
| 8078364115 | Latifundia | Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire (singular latifundium). | 50 | |
| 8078364116 | manumission of slaves | The act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner (Greece and eventually Rome) | 51 | |
| 8078364117 | Third Servile War | also know as the War of Spartacus, was the last unsuccessful revolt of the Roman slaves | 52 | |
| 8078364118 | Bantu speaking peoples | they migrated from the north to the southern tip of Africa to find new places to live and new ways to farm and find food | 53 | |
| 8078364119 | Sea Road | The world's largest sea based system before 1500. Took place on the Indian Ocean and was made possible by the push from the predictable monsoons. Sea roads were not only limited to luxury goods like the silk roads, and could carry more bulk. | 54 | |
| 8078364120 | Silk Road | A trade route that stretched from China to the Mediterranean Sea | 55 | |
| 8078364121 | Sand Road | Introduction of the camel into African commercial life, allowed longer distances to be traveled. Major international trade routes fostered new relationships among distant peoples. , A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan Africa. The Sand Roads linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world with interior West Africa. Along these trade routes, the peoples between the forests and the desert were in the best position to take advantage of the new opportunities to construct a series of city-states that drew upon the wealth of the trans-Saharan trade. slavery found a place in western Africa | 56 | |
| 8078364122 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. | 57 | |
| 8078364123 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. | 58 | |
| 8078364124 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns | 59 | |
| 8078364125 | Confucius | (551-479 BCE?) Chinese philosopher and writer of The Analects, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the Five Relationships. Also known as Kong Fu Zi. | 60 | |
| 8078364126 | Lao Tzu | 4th-century Chinese philosopher on whose teachings Lao-Tzu based Taoism | 61 | |
| 8078364127 | Upanishads | A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. | 62 | |
| 8078364128 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 63 | |
| 8078364129 | Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | 64 | |
| 8078364130 | filial piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors | 65 | |
| 8078364131 | Tao Te Ching | "Way of the Dao" - short work with chief ideas of Daoism | 66 | |
| 8078364132 | Yin Yang | In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. | 67 | |
| 8078364133 | Brahmins | Hindu priests | 68 | |
| 8078364134 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. | 69 | |
| 8078364135 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 70 | |
| 8078364136 | Caste System | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life | 71 | |
| 8078364137 | Reincarnation | In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding | 72 | |
| 8078364138 | Nirvana | "blowing out" - the ultimate goal of all Buddhists, the extinction of desire and any sense of individual selfhood, resulting in liberation from samsara and its limiting conditions. | 73 | |
| 8078364139 | Eight Fold Path | 1- Right Conduct, 2- Right Speech, 3- Right means of livelihood, 4- Right knowledge, 5- Right intention, 6- Right effort, 7- Right mindfulness, 8- Right concentration **Buddhism | 74 | |
| 8078364140 | Four Noble Truths | 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path **Buddhism | 75 | |
| 8078364141 | Judaism | ..., the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud | 76 | |
| 8078364142 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. | 77 | |
| 8078364143 | Greek Rationalism | The thinking and questioning of established ideas that relied not on the gods for reference, claiming that human reason was adequate enough to come up with a rational answer | 78 | |
| 8078364144 | Jesus of Nazareth | ..., a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for christianity | 79 | |
| 8078364145 | Mycenaean Civilization | A more militaristic civilization then Minoans, they traded and raided, turning on their Minoan teachers, helping to destroy Crete. | 80 | |
| 8078364146 | Minoan Civilization | a civilization that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete; became great sailors and were the forerunners of Greek Civilization | 81 | |
| 8078364147 | Trojan War | (Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy | 82 | |
| 8078364148 | Illiad and the Odessey | epic poems from greece; written by Homer | 83 | |
| 8078364149 | Greek Myths | Legends that teach moral and explain unexplainable things. | 84 | |
| 8078364150 | Discipline and Military Virtue | Things most respected by the Spartans | 85 | |
| 8078364151 | Direct Democracy | A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives; This was the type that was in Ancient Greece | 86 | |
| 8078364152 | Acropolis | A hilltop location where citizens gathered to talk about city government | 87 | |
| 8078364153 | Oligarchy | "Rule By Few"; a Government in which power is held by a few people. | 88 | |
| 8078364154 | Monarchy | A government in which a king or queen holds the power | 89 | |
| 8078364155 | Persian Wars | 5th century B.C.E wars between the Persian empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity. | 90 | |
| 8078364156 | Pelopponesian War | War between Athens and Sparta, lasted 27 years. Sparta became allies with Persia - Sparta won. | 91 | |
| 8078364157 | Xerxes | (c. 519-465 BC) King of Persia; his armies invaded Greece but were eventually defeated by the Greeks. | 92 | |
| 8078364158 | Greek Tragedy | Characters of high birth or status, experience a series of events that threaten position, suffer a tragic fall of own actions | 93 | |
| 8078364159 | Greek Comedy | criticized Greek society as much as modern political cartoons do | 94 | |
| 8078364160 | Philosopher | "Lover of wisdom" | 95 | |
| 8078364161 | Socrates | (470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. | 96 | |
| 8078364162 | Aristotle | (384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world. His thoughts are the basis of the scientific method today | 97 | |
| 8078364163 | Plato | 427-347 BC; Socrates' most famous student; described the ideal form of government in his famous book, The Republic | 98 | |
| 8078364164 | Hellenistic culture | Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire. | 99 | |
| 8078364165 | Alexander the Great | His greatest contribution is the expansion of Greek learning and thinking (Hellenism) throughout his empire | 100 | |
| 8078364166 | Indo-Aryans | Indo-Aryan tribes who moved in slow waves into India in about 1750 B.C. They created the Caste System | 101 | |
| 8078364167 | Caste System | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life, a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society; This enforced rules about social behavior | 102 | |
| 8078364168 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | 103 | |
| 8078364169 | Buddhism | A religion in which Buddha's teachings that life is full of suffering caused by desire and suffering ceases when desire ceases. Enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth (reincarnation). | 104 | |
| 8078364170 | Reincarnation | In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding | 105 | |
| 8078364171 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 106 | |
| 8078364172 | Gautama | Founder of Buddhism | 107 | |
| 8078364173 | Aegean Sea | A body of water by Mediterranean Sea that touches the borders of Greece & Asia Minor. It also has many islands in it, including Crete. | 108 | |
| 8078364174 | Phoenicians | A civilization in the are of present day Lebanon, creators of the first alphabetic writing system; they were great sea travellers | 109 | |
| 8078364175 | Monotheism | Belief in one god; began by the Hebrews | 110 | |
| 8078364176 | diaspora | Describes forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place | 111 | |
| 8078364187 | Sui Dynasty (589-619 A.D.) | Extended Chinese canal system, linking north and south China | 112 | |
| 8078364188 | Tang Dynasty | Chinese dynasty lasting from (618-907 A.D.) | 113 | |
| 8078364189 | Song Dynasty | Chinese Dynasty lasting from (960-1279 A.D.); resulted in an explosion of scholarship and Neo-Confucianism which tried to combine Confucians teachings along with Buddhism and Daoism | 114 | |
| 8078364190 | Chinese economic revolution | Occurred under the Song Dynasty making China one of the "richest, most skilled, and most populous nations on Earth'. | 115 | |
| 8078364191 | Foot binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. |  | 116 |
| 8078364192 | Yuan Dynasty | (1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats. | 117 | |
| 8078364193 | Chinese Tribute System | a set of practices that required non chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority. foreigners seeking access to China had to send a delegation to Chinese court and perform kowtow. Emperor would grant permission for reign trade. | 118 | |
| 8078364194 | Samurai Class | Japanese warrior class that was treated like knights and with respect | 119 | |
| 8078364195 | Daimyo | Japanese local "governor"; above the Samurai in class | 120 | |
| 8078364196 | Shogun | Japanese military leader; Supreme military commander | 121 | |
| 8078364197 | The Tale of Genji | written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society. | 122 | |
| 8078364198 | Camels | Animals that faciliated trade along the sand roads of Northern Africa and the Middle East | 123 | |
| 8078364199 | Silk | One of the most valuable material goods that was traded by China through the Silk Roads | 124 | |
| 8078364200 | Textiles | Anything made of fabric such as rugs, clothing | 125 | |
| 8078364201 | Relay Trade | each trader does a leg of journey along silk road. Price raises after each trade; Silk Roads trade | 126 | |
| 8078364202 | Christendom | That part of the world where Christianity is generally professed and was dominant | 127 | |
| 8078364203 | Black Death | The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe. | 128 | |
| 8078364204 | Silk Roads | the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations | 129 | |
| 8078364205 | Sea Road | This trade route was the largest oceanic trade system until 1500. Its advantages included: faster trading than by foot, cheaper, ships can carry in bulk, more profitable, and the reliable monsoon winds. Primarily located in the Indian Ocean | 130 | |
| 8078364206 | Swahili | A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast; the major trade language developed for Indian Ocean trade | 131 | |
| 8078364207 | Sand Road | Sahara trade- linked N. Africa and Mediterranean w/ interior of W. Africa, Sahara traveled in caravans by tuaregs (a nomadic people in North Africa) Arabs used to desert climate w/ camels | 132 | |
| 8078364208 | Venice | By 1000 A.D. a major center of commerce that generated wealth from the Indian Ocean trade of spices (primarily) | 133 | |
| 8078364209 | Monsoon winds | The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season. any wind that changes directions with the seasons |  | 134 |
| 8078364210 | Third Wave Civilizations | Civilizations that emerged between 500-1500 CE and were typified by intensifying trade networks. China (Tang & Song Dynasties), Islam |  | 135 |
| 8078364211 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler who wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period and increased trade; he is often compared to Marco Polo | 136 | |
| 8078364212 | Srivijaya | A Malay kingdom located in Indian ocean; became an important "toll booth" for trade resulting in a rather wealthy kingdom with Buddhism as it's major religion. Indian influence was rather strong in the region |  | 137 |
