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| 3636159807 | The Age of Reason (1794) | Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind". | 0 | |
| 3636159808 | "The American Scholar" (1837) | Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions. | 1 | |
| 3636159809 | American Temperance Society | Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth century reformers to limit alcohol consumption. | 2 | |
| 3636159810 | Brook Farm (1841-1846) | Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. | 3 | |
| 3636159811 | Burned-Over district | Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. | 4 | |
| 3636159812 | Deism | Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most of them rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe. | 5 | |
| 3636159813 | Hudson River School (mid-nineteenth century) | American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. | 6 | |
| 3636159814 | lyceum | (From the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school were Aristotle taught.) Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century. | 7 | |
| 3636159815 | Maine Law of 1851 | Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade. | 8 | |
| 3636159816 | minstrel shows | Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century. | 9 | |
| 3636159817 | Mormons | Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. They, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert. | 10 | |
| 3636159818 | New Harmony (1825-1827) | Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years. | 11 | |
| 3636159819 | Oneida Community | One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love", birth control and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age. | 12 | |
| 3636159820 | Second Great Awakening (early nineteenth century) | Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members. | 13 | |
| 3636159821 | Shakers (established c. 1770s) | Called this for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, they counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out. | 14 | |
| 3636159822 | Transcendentalism (mid-nineteenth century) | Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God. | 15 | |
| 3636159823 | Women's Rights Convention (1848) | Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal". | 16 | |
| 3636159824 | Unitarians | Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. It, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century. | 17 | |
| 3636159825 | Dorothea Dix | reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill | 18 | |
| 3636159826 | Brigham Young | The "Mormon Moses" who led persecuted Latter-Day Saints to their promised land in Utah | 19 | |
| 3636159827 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." | 20 | |
| 3636159828 | Lucretia Mott | An early feminist, she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. | 21 | |
| 3636159829 | Emily Dickinson | Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality | 22 | |
| 3636159830 | Charles G. Finney | Influential evangelical revivalist of the Second Great Awakening | 23 | |
| 3636159831 | Robert Owen | Idealistic Scottish industrialist whose attempt at a communal utopia in America failed | 24 | |
| 3636159832 | John Humphrey Noyes | Leader of a radical New York commune that practiced "complex marriage" and eugenic birth control | 25 | |
| 3636159833 | Mary Lyon | Pioneering women's educator, founder of Mount Holyoke Seminary in Massachusetts | 26 | |
| 3636159834 | Louisa May Alcott | Novelist whose tales of family life helped economically support her own struggling transcendentalist family. She is best known for writing "Little Women". | 27 | |
| 3636159835 | James Fenimore Cooper | path-breaking American novelist who contrasted the natural person of the forest with the values of modern civilization | 28 | |
| 3636159836 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Second-rate poet and philosopher, but first-rate promoter of transcendentalist ideals and American culture | 29 | |
| 3636159837 | Walt Whitman | bold, unconventional poet who celebrated American democracy; wrote Leaves of Grass | 30 | |
| 3636159838 | Edgar Allan Poe | Eccentric southern-born genius whose tales of mystery, suffering, and the supernatural departed from general American literary trends | 31 | |
| 3636159839 | Herman Melville | New York writer whose romantic sea tales were more popular than his dark literary masterpiece. Wrote Moby Dick. | 32 |
