This is our Unit 1 AP History Flashcards
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| 477447376 | Credit Mobilier | A corrupt railroad construction company of the Union Pacific Railroad. The railroad company awarded the _____ such profitable contracts that the railroad almost went bankrupt. In an attempt to cover up their scandal, the railroad owners bribed congressmen with stock. | |
| 477447377 | Depression of 1873 | Brought on by over expansive tendencies of railroad builders and businessmen during the immediate postwar boom, the Panic was triggered by economic downturns in Europe and by the failure of Jay Cooke's bank. | |
| 477447378 | Election of 1872 | Election where Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) ran against Democrat Horace Greeley; Greeley died during the election; Grant still won by a landslide | |
| 477447379 | Election of 1876 | Election where Samuel Tilden ran against Rutherford Hayes. South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were still under military Reconstruction and therefore, could not give electoral votes. Hayes won the election two days before | |
| 478446873 | Election of 1880 | Election where James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (republicans) ran against Winfield Scott (democrats). Garfield won election, but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau and Chester Arthur took over. | |
| 478524185 | Election of 1884 | Republican candidate- Senator James G. Blaine. "Mugwumps" announced that they would bolt the party and support an honest Democrat. Democrat candidate- Grover Cleveland. Cleveland won. | |
| 478524186 | Election of 1888 | Benjamin Harrison(Republican) Vs. Grover Cleveland(Democrat). The main issue was the tariff. Harrison opposed tariff reduction while Cleveland supported it. Harrison won because he won a larger electoral vote than Cleveland. Cleveland was unpopular with industrialists, veterans and farmers because of his actions towards pensions, tariffs, and currency. | |
| 478524187 | Election of 1892 | James Weaver of Iowa, was the Populist candidate for President and won 1 million votes (also won electoral votes); lost badly in the South and failed to attack urban workers in the North; Harrison vs. Cleveland again and Cleveland won because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley tariff (first president to serve two unconsecutive terms) | |
| 478524188 | Election of 1896 | Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial. | |
| 478524189 | Richardsonian | style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson, whose masterpiece is Trinity Church, Boston | |
| 478524190 | New immigrants | These immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe | |
| 478524191 | Old immigrants | immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from the north and west Europe | |
| 478524192 | Birds of passage | immigrants who arrived between 1820-1900 who evetually returned to their country of origin | |
| 478524193 | Darwinism | a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection. Basically evolution | |
| 478524194 | Hull house | co-founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr who were soon joined by other volunteers called "residents," it was one of the first settlement houses in the U.S. and eventually grew into one of the largest, with facilities in 13 buildings At its beginning, its main purposes were to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood, many of whom were recent immigrants. There were classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities such as sewing, and many other subjects, concerts free to everyone, free lectures on current issues, and clubs both for children and adults. Later, the settlement branched out and offered services to ameliorate some of the effects of poverty. | |
| 478524195 | Public education reform | Horace Mann thought public schools are necessary so people agreed to pay taxes for public schools | |
| 478524196 | Greenback Labor Party | The greenbacks were a third political party that demanded the circulation of paper money and other reforms. It's nominee in the election of 1880, James B Weaver, did very poorly. | |
| 478524197 | Patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | |
| 478524198 | Hard money | Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds is harder than raising unlimited funds, hence the term's name. | |
| 478524199 | The forgettable presidents | Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland | |
| 478524200 | The Grange | Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads | |
| 478524201 | The farmers alliance | Farmers formed this in Texas in the late 1870s in order to break the grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling.The Alliance weakened itself by excluding blacks and landless tenant farmers. | |
| 478524202 | The populist party | This was the third local party that was formed from the farmers alliance. They nominated James B Weaver as their candidate in the election of 1892. Advocated the policies of the Omaha platform. | |
| 478524203 | Pullman strike | in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing | |
| 478524206 | New south | ..., After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role. | |
| 478524207 | Gibson girl | ..., The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by Charles Dana Gibson. | |
| 478524208 | Tamany Hall | This was the headquarters of the new Yorks infamous boss tweed | |
| 478524209 | National labor union | The national labor union was the first national labor union. It represented the ironworkers you wanted an eight hour workday. The union's downfall was a result of becoming involved with politics and supporting the greenback Labour Party. | |
| 478524210 | American Federation of labor | Represented skilled labor and was composed of craft unions. The ___ learned from the Knights of labor and the national labor union and avoided politics and violence. | |
| 478524211 | Knights of labor | Uriah S Stephens found this labor union and Terence V Powderly led it. Is the downfall was attributed to the lack of funds, lack of organization, and the violence of the Haymarket Square in Chicago | |
| 478524212 | Half breeds | They were the liberal faction of the Republican Party that included Pres. James Garfield | |
| 478524213 | Stalwarts | This was the regular and conservative branch of the Republican Party that included Chester A Arthur | |
| 478524214 | Interlocking directorate | A company places people in positions of power, and influences the competing company through these people. One of the most prominent interlocking directorate was J.P. Morgan's. | |
| 478524215 | Trust | the Board of Directors and one company controls the competing company by being on the other company's Board of Directors the eliminating competition. To do this, a large-company owns enough stock and all of its competitors to pick than the members of the board and then influences them | |
| 478524216 | Vertical integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution | |
| 478524217 | Pool | competitors a certain product agree to raise prices collectively so that they can receive huge profits | |
| 478524218 | Holding company | a form of business which does not create anything itself; instead, it owns the stock of companies that do produce goods | |
| 478524219 | The Gospel of wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | |
| 478992781 | 13th amendment | Abolished slavery | |
| 478992782 | 14th amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws | |
| 478992783 | 15th amendment | citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude | |
| 478992784 | 16th amendment | Power of Congress to tax incomes | |
| 478992785 | Compromise of 1877 | This settled the election of 1876, and ended reconstruction. Troops were removed from Louisiana and South Carolina and concessions for building a southern transcontinental railroad made. | |
| 478992786 | Interstate commerce commission | created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland;regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers. | |
| 478992787 | Sherman antitrust act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions | |
| 478992788 | Plessy versus Ferguson | Court case where Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were legal for blacks | |
| 478992789 | Chinese exclusion act | ... | |
| 478992790 | Pendleton civil service act | (1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based. | |
| 478992791 | Sherman Silver purchase act | (BH) 1890 , In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878. | |
| 478992792 | Homestead act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. | |
| 478992793 | Dawes severity act | Act to assimilate natives, after 25 years of farming you would be a citizen, split reservations into farms | |
| 478992794 | Morrill act of 1862 | This Act was to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). The Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural college which allowed, eventually, for agricultural to become industrialized | |
| 478992795 | Hatch act of 1887 | this legislation extended the Morrill Act, funding the establishment of agricultural experiment stations connected to land grant colleges | |
| 478992796 | Lewis Wallace | Wrote Ben Hur "a tail of christ" which was against Darwinism | |
| 478992797 | Horatio alger | Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work | |
| 478992798 | Boss Tweed | Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine | |
| 478992799 | Henry James | American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw." | |
| 478992800 | William Dean Howells | wrote The Rise of Silas Lapham, and other works, in which he described what he considered the shallowness and corruption in ordinary American lifestyles. | |
| 478992801 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations | |
| 478992802 | Sitting bull | Sioux chief who led the attack on Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn | |
| 478992803 | Geronimo | Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation | |
| 478992804 | Richard olney | Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike. | |
| 478992805 | Jacob Coxey | Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed. Arrested for walking on the grass of the white house. | |
| 478992806 | Eugene V Debs | Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. Arrested for walking on the grass of the white house. | |
| 478992807 | George Pullman | made his fortune by designing and building sleeper cars that made long distance rail travel more comfortable. Built a company town near Chicago for his employees. | |
| 478992808 | John P Altgeld | Was the governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897. He was the first Democratic governor of that state since the 1850s. A leading figure of the Progressive Era movement, he improved workplace safety and child labor laws, pardoned three of the men convicted of the Haymarket Riot, and, for a time, resisted calls to break up the Pullman strike with force. | |
| 478992809 | Booker T. Washington | Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." | |
| 478992810 | W.E.B. Debois | When the most prominent black leaders at this time, Debois was born in Massachusetts. He was of mixed dissent and was the first black to on his PhD at Harvard. He advocated Black equality and was one of the founders of the NAACP in 1909. | |
| 478992811 | Roscoe Conkling | a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. | |
| 478992812 | James Blaine | a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland | |
| 478992813 | Horace Greeley | An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. | |
| 478992814 | Henry Bessemer | (1813-1898) An English engineer who created the Bessemer procces, a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron. | |
| 478992815 | Andrew Carnegie | Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" | |
| 478992816 | John D Rockefeller | an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the oil industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history. | |
| 478992817 | J Pierpont Morgan | an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 he arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric. He also bailed out the U.S. when it was in a deficit and bought Carnegie's oil company. | |
| 478992818 | James Duke | Owner of an American Tobacco Company, which established a virtual monopoly over the processing of raw tobacco into marketable materials. |
