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| 2307229730 | Pangaea | Suggested that the continents were once nestled together into one megacontinent | 0 | |
| 2307231718 | Land Bridge | Piece of land that linked Asia and North America across what today is the Bering Sea | 1 | |
| 2307235060 | Incas | From Peru; elaborate network of roads and bridges linking their empire | 2 | |
| 2307237647 | Mayas | From Yucatan Peninsula; step pyramids | 3 | |
| 2307239265 | Aztecs | From Mexico; step pyramids and huge sacrifices of conquered peoples | 4 | |
| 2307243963 | Pueblo Indians | First American corn growers; lived in adobe houses and pueblos (villages); pueblos are cubicle-shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top of another and beneath cliffs | 5 | |
| 2307249055 | Mound Builders | Built huge ceremonial and burial mounds; located in the Ohio Valley | 6 | |
| 2307253248 | "Three-Sister" Farming | Corn grew in a stalk, providing a trellis for beans; beans grew up the stalk; squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and kept moisture in the soil. | 7 | |
| 2307260018 | Iroquis Confederation | A group of 5 tribes in New York state, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onandaga, Cayuga, and the Seneca; Hiawatha was the leader of the group | 8 | |
| 2307264728 | The Vikings | Led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson; landed around 1000 A.D. and landed in "Newfoundland" or "Vinland" (because of all the vines) | 9 | |
| 2307271850 | Marco Polo | Traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest. | 10 | |
| 2307277263 | Caravel | A ship with triangular sails that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and better return from Europe from the Africa coast | 11 | |
| 2307280857 | Compass | Used to determine direction | 12 | |
| 2307281993 | Astrolabe | A sextant gizmo that could tell a ship's latitude | 13 | |
| 2307285078 | Columbus | Goal was to reach the East Indies; misjudged the size of the Earth, thinking that it was 1/3 the size it really was; upon reaching America, he thought he had reached the East Indies and thus started calling the people Indians. | 14 | |
| 2307293223 | New World to Old World trades | Corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkins, squash, tomatoes, wild rice; also with the disease, syphilis | 15 | |
| 2307299976 | Old World to New World trades | Cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots; along with the diseases, smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria | 16 | |
| 2307304409 | Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 | Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land; The Pope drew this line, which ran North-South and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America; Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land under and around Africa), and Spain got everything west of the land, which turned out to be much more, unbeknownst to them at the time | 17 | |
| 2307316621 | Conquistadores | Spanish for "conquerors" | 18 | |
| 2307318014 | Vasco Balboa | "discovered" the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama | 19 | |
| 2307320277 | Ferdinand Magellan | circumnavigated the globe (first to do so) | 20 | |
| 2307321652 | Ponce de Leon | Touches and names Florida, looking for legendary "Fountain of Youth" | 21 | |
| 2307323683 | Hernando Cortes | Enters Florida, and travels up into present day Southeastern US; dies and is "buried" in Mississippi River; conquers the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan | 22 | |
| 2307327606 | Francisco Pizarro | Conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping gold/silver back to Spain | 23 | |
| 2307332902 | Francisco Coronado | Ventured into current Southwest US looking for "cibola," the city of gold. | 24 | |
| 2307337582 | Encomienda | Indians were commended to Spanish landlords; Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity | 25 | |
| 2307346736 | Mestizos | A mix of Spanish and Indian blood | 26 | |
| 2307352574 | John Cabot | An Italian who sailed for England who touched the coast of the current US | 27 | |
| 2307362177 | Giovanni de Verrazano | Touched on the North American seaboard | 28 | |
| 2307363287 | Jacques Cartier | Went into mouth of St. Lawrence River | 29 | |
| 2307364521 | Don Juan de Onate | Followed Coronado's path into present-day New Mexico; conquered the Indians ruthlessly by cutting off one foot of survivors | 30 | |
| 2307370759 | Robert de LaSalle | Sailed down the Mississippi River for France, claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area Louisiana | 31 | |
| 2307375002 | Black Legend | The notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery) but they also brought good things like law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, and civilization | 32 | |
| 2307395320 | North American developments | Spain had established Santa Fe France had established Quebec Britain had just established Jamestown, which was struggling | 33 | |
| 2307399390 | King Henry VIII | He had broken with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, which brought the Protestant reformation to England and created religious deivision | 34 | |
| 2307406658 | Elizabeth I | A queen who had a lot of political shrewdness to get what she wanted | 35 | |
| 2307441496 | Francis Drake | A "sea dog" who pirated Spanish ships for gold | 36 | |
| 2307442969 | Sir Walter Raleigh | Established the Roanoke Colony, which later became known as "the lost colony" | 37 | |
| 2307448067 | Spanish Armada | Wanted revenge on England in 1588 but were defeated by England; this opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic and finally establish colonies; for the next 300 years, the British navy would dominate the seas | 38 | |
| 2308413678 | Enclosure | Fencing in the land for farming | 39 | |
| 2308423319 | Primogeniture | The firstborn son inherits all of the father's land, which left the younger sons landless and wanting to go to America | 40 | |
| 2308542511 | Joint-Stock Company | People invest money with hopes and expectations that the company will do well. The investor makes money as a share-holder | 41 | |
| 2308551830 | The Virginia Company | They were given a charter in 1606 by King James I to establish a colony in America, where Jamestown was established in Virginia in 1607 | 42 | |
| 2308556579 | Captain John Smith | Took control of Jamestown and instituted a strong measure of much-needed discipline | 43 | |
| 2308561495 | "Starving Time" | Colonists were dying in droves and had to resort to eating dogs, cats, rats, and mice | 44 | |
| 2308587267 | Lord De La Warr | Intercepted a group of settlers who were abandoning the colony and forced them to return. He brought more discipline and much-needed supplies | 45 | |
| 2308594845 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | Ended with the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe | 46 | |
| 2308596090 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | The Indians were banished from the Chesapeake, and the idea was created that Indians and whites couldn't live together peacefully. | 47 | |
| 2308608461 | Lord Baltimore | Founded Maryland in 1634 as a safe haven for Catholics | 48 | |
| 2308614199 | Act of Toleration | Passed by Maryland which guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, whether they were Protestant or Catholic | 49 | |
| 2308619893 | Barbados Slave Code of 1661 | Designed to keep slaves under control. | 50 | |
| 2308623828 | "The Restoration" | Oliver Cromwell ruled as a religious dictator for 10 years, and then Charles II was placed on the throne during this period; the kingdom was restored to England | 51 | |
| 2308630466 | The split of the Carolinas | Charleston flourished and took an aristocratic air, and they seemed pompous. The northern section split away, since they were more down-to-earth. | 52 | |
| 2308638030 | James Oglethorpe and the colony of Georgia | He founded this in 1733 and named it after King George II. This colony served as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the British colonies, a place where debtors could get a second chance, and as a dumping ground for English criminals. | 53 | |
| 2308644106 | John Wesley | The founder of Methodism; one of the best known missionaries who tried to convert Indians to Christianity | 54 | |
| 2308655792 | Tobacco | Grown in the Chesapeake region- Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina | 55 | |
| 2308659771 | Rice and indigo | Grown in the tidewater region of South Carolina and Georgia | 56 | |
| 2308661894 | Martin Luther | Started the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church; called the "95 Theses"; some of the most basic ideas were that 1) the Bible/scripture was the source of God's word, not the Bible and and the church or pope | 57 | |
| 2308739404 | John Calvin | Stressed "predestination"- that those who were going to Heaven or hell had already been predetermined by God | 58 | |
| 2308778237 | Protestant Work Ethic | Calvinists were famous for working hard from dawn to dusk to "prove" their worthiness. This has been vividly stamped on the psyche of Americans, and termed this. | 59 | |
| 2308788301 | Puritans | They wanted to "purify" the Church of England; believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership | 60 | |
| 2308792767 | Pilgrims | They wanted to completely break away from the Church of England; called "separatists" because they believed that the "saints" would have to sit with the "damned" | 61 | |
| 2308800969 | Captain Myles Standish | Appointed by the Pilgrims for leadership and security against Indians | 62 | |
| 2308806817 | Mayflower Compact | The Pilgrims agreed to make and live by new rules; the first form of self-government in New England and laid the foundation that America would be run by Americans. | 63 | |
| 2308812994 | William Bradford | Selected governor of the Plymouth colony 30 times in annual elections | 64 | |
| 2308814696 | Bible Commonwealth | A group of Puritans were given a royal charter in 1629, which would become the Massachusetts Bay Colony | 65 | |
| 2308820605 | John Winthrop | Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony for 19 years | 66 | |
| 2308822014 | Franchise | The right to vote | 67 | |
| 2308822918 | John Cotton | The most noteworthy Puritan preacher; educated at Cambridge, criticized the Church of England, then emigrated to Massachusetts. | 68 | |
| 2308854785 | Michael Wigglessorth | Wrote the book "Day of Doom" and sold one copy for every 20 people | 69 | |
| 2308868426 | Anne Hutchinson | An outspoken woman who challenged the idea of predestination; argued that if there was predestination, then person's actions were immaterial, because the saints and sinners were already determined. | 70 | |
| 2308878962 | Roger Williams | A preacher who sought a clean break with the Church of England; his ideas quickly got him into trouble, like 1) questioning the Bay Colony charter's legality, 2) questioning dealing with the Indians, and 3) questioning whether the church could run people's lives and the government. He was soon banished for "new and dangerous opinions." | 71 | |
| 2308917900 | Reverend Thomas Hooker | Led a group of people to Connecticut in 1635 | 72 | |
| 2308920583 | Fundamental Orders | Connecticut settlers drew up these, which was America's first written constitution. | 73 | |
| 2309136072 | New Haven | Established in 1638, which later joined Connecticut | 74 | |
| 2309138201 | Squanto | A Wampanoag Indian who befriended and helped the struggling settlers, the Pilgrims | 75 | |
| 2309142041 | Pequot War | White-Indian relations had turned for the worse; More and more English settlers were coming and the white wiped out a Pequot Village on the Mystic River in Connecticut. | 76 | |
| 2309147092 | Metacom | Known as King Philip by the English; attempted to unite local Indian tribes in 1675 | 77 | |
| 2309150536 | New England Confederation | Consisted of 4 colonies, the Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered Connecticut settlements. They were Puritan only. It was weak, but noteworthy in that it was a large step towards American unity. | 78 | |
| 2309160836 | Dominion of New England | It was created as an arm of the king. It's goals were to 1) strengthen colonial defense against the Indians and 2) regain control by England over America by enforcing the Navigation Acts. | 79 | |
| 2309176741 | Sir Edmund Andros | Headed the Dominion of New England; established headquarters in Boston; openly associated with the Church of England. | 80 | |
| 2309180451 | William and Mary | Handed the British throne during the Glorious Revolution. The DoNE (Dominion of New England) fell apart. | 81 | |
| 2309185967 | New Netherland | The Netherlands rebelled and with British help, won their independence from Spain | 82 | |
| 2312038356 | Dutch East India Company | The Dutch set out to make themselves a world power and made the DEIC to trade with the world and rival the British | 83 | |
| 2312043250 | Dutch West India Company | Operated in the Caribbean; they were much smaller and weaker and found it easier and more profitable to do as much raiding as trading. New Amsterdam was set up as a company town at the the mouth of the Hudson River. NA's goals were to trade, turn a profit, and benefit stockholders. | 84 | |
| 2312049564 | Henry Hudson | Sought new areas; sailed into Delaware Bay and then New York Bay, then up the Hudson River. He claimed this area for the Dutch, in which New Netherland was born | 85 | |
| 2312114214 | Patroonships | These were large tracts of land; given to promoters who'd settle 50 people in the colony | 86 | |
| 2312119651 | New Sweden | Established on the Delaware River | 87 | |
| 2312122469 | Peter Stuveysant | Was sent down by the Dutch to New Sweden to get rid of the Swedes. Stuveysant took the main Swedish fort without bloodshed, ending New Sweden nearly right after it had begun. | 88 | |
| 2312127561 | Duke of York | Charles 11's brother; was granted the New Netherland area in 1664. A British fleet appeared off of New Amsterdam, and Peter Stuveysant was forced to surrender, ending New Netherland. | 89 | |
| 2312135342 | New York | Became the new name for New Amsterdam | 90 | |
| 2312144462 | Quakers | Shook or quaked when moved by religious emotion; refused to pay taxes that would go to the Church of England; met in simple meeting houses and spoke and when moved to do so. Opposed war. | 91 | |
| 2312151402 | William Penn | A well-born Englishman attracted to the Quaker faith; he was awarded a large tract of land by the King. It became Pennsylvania, and allowed all freedom of religion except to Jews and Catholics. | 92 | |
| 2312159629 | Middle Colonies | Consisted of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania; held fertile soil and large tracts of land; exported gran and were known as the "bread colonies"; more ethnically mixed than other colonies; had a mixed economy, with agriculture like the South and the beginnings of industry and trade as in the North | 93 | |
| 2312171019 | Benjamin Franklin | Came to Philadelphia at 17; his story of rags-to-riches became symbolic of America. | 94 | |
| 2312177484 | Headright System | Encouraged the growth of the Chesapeake; in this system, if an aristocrat sponsored an indentured servant's passage to America, the aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres of land. | 95 | |
| 2312185050 | Nathaniel Bacon and Bacon's Rebellion | Young men who were white, landless, jobless, womanless and frustrated; they wanted land from the Indians. Bacon led 1000 men in a revolt. Bacon's legacy was to leave a lingering fear of lawlessness in the minds of the upper class. This rebellion was defeated by Gov. William Berkeley. | 96 | |
| 2312196729 | Middle Passage | Slaves were transported from Africa to the West Indians through here | 97 | |
| 2312199784 | Chattels | Slaves and their children would be made property to their owners for life | 98 | |
| 2312202230 | Stono River | 50 blacks rose up and tried to escape slavery by walking along here to Spanish Florida, but were intercepted by the militia. | 99 | |
| 2312207601 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | He wrote "The Scarlet Letter" where the heroine is forced to wear a bright red "A" on her bosom to display her sin of adultery | 100 | |
| 2312212375 | Jeremiads | A stern, old-fashioned scolding; Puritan leaders grew worried that their religious passion was dying down. | 101 | |
| 2312218932 | Half-Way Covenant | People could receive a "half-status" in the church. | 102 | |
| 2312222663 | Salem Witch Trials | A few girls claimed to have been bewitched by a few Caribbean women practicing voodoo. 20 people were executed. | 103 | |
| 2312227344 | Germans in America | Made up 6% of the population; 150,000 | 104 | |
| 2312228864 | Scots-Irish in America | Made up 7% of the population; 175,000 | 105 | |
| 2312231225 | Paxton Boys | Led a march/revolt similar to that of Bacon in 1764; frustrated that they couldn't get land. | 106 | |
| 2312235888 | Other Ethnicities in America | French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. | 107 | |
| 2312239478 | Triangular Trade | A ship would depart New England with rum and go to the west coast of Africa and trade the rum for African slaves. Then it would go to the West Indies and exchange the slaves for molasses (for rum) which it would sell to New England once it returned there. | 108 | |
| 2312427279 | Naval stores | These were used to build and repair the British navy. | 109 | |
| 2312430301 | Molasses Act of 1733 | This was a tax on West Indies molasses. | 110 | |
| 2312435447 | "Established Churches" | There were 2 of these, the Anglican and the Congregational. | 111 | |
| 2312436954 | Anglican Church | (The Church of England) became the official faith in Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and part of New York. They were more worldly, sermons were shorter and hellfire was lost, and the College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 to train clergymen. | 112 | |
| 2312444725 | Congregational Church | They grew out of the Puritan Church. It was established in each New England colony except Rhode Island. Presbytyerianism was a kin of Congregationalism. It was common but never official. | 113 | |
| 2312450862 | First Great Awakening | America's first big religious movement; Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were predominant leaders. JE's most famous sermon was "Sinners in the Hands on an Angry God". Preached that salvation doesn't come through good works, but from God's grace. | 114 | |
| 2312459523 | New Lights and Old Lights | New Lights were the modern preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Old Lights were Anglicans, traditional Congregationalists, and Presbyterians. | 115 | |
| 2312466339 | Arts and Literature in America | John Trumbull was discouraged in painting by his father, but still went to Europe to be trained in art. Charles Wilson Peale became best known for portraits of George Washington, who was also a curator of a museum, a taxidermist of birds, and a dentist. Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley traveled to Europe where artists were respected and could make a living, unlike in America. Phillis Wheatley's poetry was notable; she was a slave girl with no formal education, but did travel to England and get a book poetry published. Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanack" was immensely popular, and was read more than anything except the Bible, and Americans loved the practical sayings. | 116 | |
| 2312498172 | John Peter Zenger | A printer in New York; Printed unflattering things about the governor of New York and was arrested for seditious libel. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, argued that what he wrote was true and therefore not libel. This was a landmark case for the freedom of the press. | 117 |
