Chapters 9-13
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| 922277878 | Society of the Cincinnati | Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions. | 0 | |
| 922277879 | disestablished | To separate an official state church from it connection with government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, through some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century. | 1 | |
| 922277880 | Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom | 1786. Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution. | 2 | |
| 922277881 | civic virtue | Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic. | 3 | |
| 922277882 | republican motherhood | Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue. | 4 | |
| 922277883 | Articles of Confederation | 1781. First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. | 5 | |
| 922277884 | Old Northwest | Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions. | 6 | |
| 922277885 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt | 7 | |
| 922277886 | Northwest Ordinance | 1787. Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. | 8 | |
| 922277887 | Shays' Rebellion | Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Through quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. | 9 | |
| 922277888 | Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. | 10 | |
| 922277889 | New Jersey Plan | 1787. "Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. | 11 | |
| 922277890 | Great Compromise | Popular term fro the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College. | 12 | |
| 922277891 | common law | Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organization framework for the new federal government. | 13 | |
| 922277892 | civil law | Body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statutes precisely as written. | 14 | |
| 922277893 | three-fifths compromise | 1787. Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states. | 15 | |
| 922277894 | antifederalists | Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. | 16 | |
| 922277895 | federalists | Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. | 17 | |
| 922277896 | The Federalist | 1788. Collection of essays by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation. | 18 | |
| 922277897 | Lord Sheffield | 1725-1831. Parliamentarian who persuaded Britain to take a hard line in negotiations with the newly independent United States, closing off American trade with West Indies, and continuing to enforce navigation laws. His approach prompted many Americans to call for a stronger central government, culminating in the 1787 Philadelphia convention. | 19 | |
| 922277898 | Daniel Shays | 1747-1825. Revolutionary war veteran who led a group of debtors and impoverished backcountry farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government in 1786, calling for paper money, lighter, taxes, and an end to property seizures for debt. Through quickly put down, the rebellion raised the specter of mob rule, precipitating calls for a stronger national government. | 20 | |
| 922277899 | Patrick Henry | 1736-1799. American revolutionary and champion of states' rights, Henry became a prominent antifederalist during the ratification debate, opposing what he saw as despotic tendencies in the new national constitution. | 21 | |
| 922277900 | 1736-1799 | When did Patrick Henry live? | 22 | |
| 922277901 | 1747-1825 | When did Daniel Shays live? | 23 | |
| 922277902 | 1725-1831 | When did Lord Sheffield live? | 24 | |
| 922277903 | 1788 | When was The Federalist written? | 25 | |
| 922277904 | 1787 | What year was the Three-fifths Compromise? | 26 | |
| 922277905 | 1787 | What year was the New Jersey Plan? | 27 | |
| 922277906 | 1787 | What year was the Northwest Ordinance? | 28 | |
| 922277907 | 1781 | What year was the Articles of Confederation? | 29 | |
| 922277908 | 1786 | What year was the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom? | 30 | |
| 935417975 | Bill of Rights | Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. | 31 | |
| 935417976 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. | 32 | |
| 935417977 | funding at par | Payments of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary was debts in full order to bolster the nation's credit. | 33 | |
| 935417978 | assumption | Transfer of debt from on party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary Was debts in 1790, thereby trying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the national government. | 34 | |
| 935417979 | tariff | Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs. | 35 | |
| 935417980 | excise tax | Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were at highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program. | 36 | |
| 935417981 | Bank of the United States | Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional. | 37 | |
| 935417982 | Whiskey Rebellion | Popular uprising whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. | 38 | |
| 935417983 | Reign of Terror | Ten-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced. | 39 | |
| 935417984 | Neutrality Proclamation | Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. | 40 | |
| 935417985 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | 1794. Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States | 41 | |
| 935417986 | Treaty of Greenville | 1795. Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status. | 42 | |
| 935417987 | Jay's Treaty | Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary was debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. | 43 | |
| 935417988 | Pinckney's Treaty | 1795. Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. | 44 | |
| 935417989 | Farewell Address | George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. | 45 | |
| 935417990 | XYZ Affair | Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean. | 46 | |
| 935417991 | Convention of 1800 | Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by American's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers. | 47 | |
| 935417992 | Alien Laws | 1798. Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace. | 48 | |
| 935417993 | Sedition Act | 1798. Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801. | 49 | |
| 935417994 | Virginia and Kentucky resolutions | 1798-1799. Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. | 50 | |
| 935417995 | George Washington | 1732-1799. Revolutionary war general and first president of the United States. A Virginia-born planter, Washington established himself as a military hero during the French and Indian War. He served as commander in chief of the Continental Army during the War of Independence, securing key victories at Saratoga and Yorktown. Unanimously elected president under the new national Constitution in 1788, Washington served two terms, focusing primarily on strengthening national government, establishing a sound financial system, and maintaining American neutrality amidst the escalating European conflict. | 51 | |
| 935417996 | Alexander Hamilton | 1757-1804. Revolutionary War soldier and first treasury secretary of the United States. A fierce proponent of a strong national government, Hamilton attended the Philadelphia convention and convincingly argued for the Constitution's ratifications in The Federalist. As treasury secretary, he advocated the assumption of state debts to bolster the nation's credit and the establishment of a national bank to print sound currency and boost commerce. Hamilton died form a gunshot wound suffered during a duel with then-Vice President Aaron Burr. | 52 | |
| 935417997 | Louis XVI | 1754-1793. King of France from 1774 to 1792, he, along with Queen Marie Antoinette, was beheaded during the French Revolution. | 53 | |
| 935417998 | Edmond Genet | 1763-1834. Representative of the French Republic who in 1793 tried recruit Americans to invade Spanish and British territories in blatant disregard of Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. | 54 | |
| 935417999 | Little Turtle | 1752-1812. Miami Indian chief whose warriors routed American forces in 1790 and 1791 along the Ohio frontier. In 1794, Little Turtle and his braves were defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and were forced to cede vast tracts of the Old Northwest under the Treaty of Greenville. | 55 | |
| 935418000 | "Mad Anthony" Wayne | 1745-1796. Revolutionary war soldier and commander in chief of the U.S. Army from 1792-1796, he secured the Treaty of Greenville after soundly defeating the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. | 56 | |
| 935418001 | John Jay | 1745-1829. Leading American revolutionary and diplomat, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris and later, the much-criticized Jay Treaty of 1794, which averted war with Britain but failed to address key American grievance. Jay also served as the first chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1789-1795, a post he left to become governor of New York. | 57 | |
| 935418002 | John Adams | 1735-1826. American revolutionary, statesman, and second president of the United States. One of the more radical patriots on the eve of the Revolution, Massachusetts-born Adams helped guide the Continental Congress toward a declaration of independence from Britain. From 1778 to 1788, Adams involved himself with international diplomacy, serving as minister to France, Britain, and the Netherlands. After serving as Washington's vice-president, he was elected president in his own right in 1796. Adams' administration suffered from Federalist infighting, international turmoil, and domestic uproar over the Alien and Sedition Acts, all of which contributed to his defeat in the election of 1800. | 58 | |
| 935418003 | Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | 1754-1838. French foreign minister whose attempts to solicit bribes from American envoys in the infamous XYZ Affair prompted widespread calls for war with France. | 59 | |
| 946020269 | War of 1812 | Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated American's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers. | 60 | |
| 946020270 | Battle of New Orleans | January 1815. Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812. | 61 | |
| 946020271 | Congress of Vienna | Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France. | 62 | |
| 946020272 | Treaty of Ghent | 1815. Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war. | 63 | |
| 946020273 | Hartford Convention | Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House. | 64 | |
| 946020274 | Rush-Bagot agreement | Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian Border, completed in the 1870s. | 65 | |
| 946020275 | Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. | 66 | |
| 946020276 | American System | Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network. | 67 | |
| 946020277 | Era of Good Feelings | Popular name for period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank. | 68 | |
| 946020278 | Panic of 1819 | Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seed of Jacksonian Democracy. | 69 | |
| 946020279 | Land Act of 1820 | Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreages on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819. | 70 | |
| 946020280 | Tallmadge amendment | 1819. Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. | 71 | |
| 946020281 | peculiar institution | Widely used term fro the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched. | 72 | |
| 946020282 | Missouri Compromise | Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36 degrees 30 minutes. | 73 | |
| 946020283 | McCulloch v. Maryland | Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. | 74 | |
| 946020284 | loose construction | Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionality mandated responsibilities. | 75 | |
| 946020285 | Cohens v. Virginia | Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government. | 76 | |
| 946020286 | Gibbons v. Ogden | Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. | 77 | |
| 946020287 | Fletcher v. Peck | Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution. | 78 | |
| 946020288 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward | Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments. | 79 | |
| 946020289 | Anglo-American Convention | Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years. | 80 | |
| 946020290 | Florida Purchase Treaty | 1819. Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas. | 81 | |
| 946020291 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823. Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. | 82 | |
| 946020292 | Russo-American Treaty | Fixed the line of 54 degrees 40 minutes as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America. | 83 | |
| 946020293 | Isaac Brock | 1769-1812. British general who helped stave off an American invasion of Upper Canada during the War of 1812. Brock successfully captured Detroit from American forces in August of 1812, but was killed in battle later in that year. | 84 | |
| 946020294 | Oliver Hazard Perry | 1785-1819. American naval officer whose decisive victory over a British fleet on Lake Erie during the War of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General William Henry Harrison's victory oat the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | 85 | |
| 946020295 | Thomas Macdonough | 1783-1825. American naval officer who secured a decisive victory over a British fleet at the Battle of Plattsburg, halting the British invasion of New York. | 86 | |
| 946020296 | Francis Scott Key | 1779-1843. American author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner"--now the national anthem--purportedly while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained. | 87 | |
| 946020297 | James Monroe | 1758-1831. Revolutionary war soldier, statesman, and fifth president of the United States. As president, he supported protective tariffs and a national bank, but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally-funded internal improvements. Through Monroe sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the sate in 1817, his presidency was rocked by bitter partisan and sectional conflicts. | 88 | |
| 946020298 | George Canning | 1770-1827. British foreign secretary who proposed what would later become the Monroe Doctrine-a declaration issued by James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from acquiring new territories in the Americas. | 89 |
