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| 10404192989 | Canadian Shield | First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level | 0 | |
| 10404192990 | Incas | Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The _____developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains. | 1 | |
| 10404192991 | Aztecs | Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The _____ maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute. They came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing and their use of human sacrifice in religious ceremonies. | 2 | |
| 10404192992 | nation-states | This term commonly describes those societies in which political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality. | 3 | |
| 10404192993 | Cahokia | Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as twenty-five thousand Native Americans. | 4 | |
| 10404192994 | three-sister farming | Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 CE; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields. | 5 | |
| 10404192995 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen. | 6 | |
| 10404192996 | caravel | Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. ________could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey. | 7 | |
| 10404192997 | plantation | Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settlers established ___________in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the American South | 8 | |
| 10404192998 | Columbian exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. | 9 | |
| 10404192999 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed by Spanish and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia. | 10 | |
| 10404193000 | encomienda | Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland. | 11 | |
| 10404193001 | noche triste | "Sad night," when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochittlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule. | 12 | |
| 10404193002 | capitalism | An economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to __________. | 13 | |
| 10404193003 | mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. | 14 | |
| 10404193004 | conquistadores | Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztecs and Incan empires. | 15 | |
| 10404193005 | Battle of Acoma | Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory of New Mexico in 1609. | 16 | |
| 10404193006 | Popé's Rebellion | Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico. | 17 | |
| 10404193007 | Black Legend | False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. | 18 | |
| 10404214083 | ferninand of aragon | married to Isabella, king of Spain, there marriage gave power to Spain, sent Columbus on his journey | 19 | |
| 10404214084 | Isabella of Castile | queen of Spain; married Ferdinand of Aragon which united the nation in the late 15th century | 20 | |
| 10404214085 | Christopher Columbus | He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. Italian Spanish monarchs sponsored his journey | 21 | |
| 10404214086 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans. | 22 | |
| 10404214087 | Hernan Cortez | A Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire. | 23 | |
| 10404214088 | Malinche (Dona Marina) | Native American who helped the Cortes defeat the Aztecs by translating for him | 24 | |
| 10404214089 | Moctezuma | Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes. | 25 | |
| 10404214090 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. | 26 | |
| 10404214091 | Francisco Coronado | a Spanish explorer that traveled all over looking for the fabled seven cities of gold. Discovered Grand Canyon and Colorado river | 27 | |
| 10404214092 | Giovanni Cobato (John Cabot) | an explorer sent by the british in 1497 & 1498 to explore the northeastern coast | 28 | |
| 10404214093 | Robert de La Salle | French empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch in the 1680s | 29 | |
| 10404214094 | Father Junipero Serra | A controversial figure who founded the first California mission in San Diego in 1769. | 30 |
