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| 185683951 | Upward social mobility | The ability to move up in the social ladder. This was more possible in America than in Great Britain because there was so much unclaimed land. | |
| 185683952 | Social pyramid | social structure in shape of pyramid, layers representing different social statuses. | |
| 185683953 | Aristocracy | This social class consisted of planters, merchant princes, officials, clergymen, and lawyers | |
| 185683954 | Lesser professional men | This was the second highest social class, including occupations such as doctors. | |
| 185683955 | Triangular trade | In this trade route, a ship would depart (1) New England with rum and go to the (2) west coast of Africa and trade the rum for African slaves. Then, it would go to (3) the West Indies and exchange the slaves for molasses (for rum), which it'd sell to New England once it returned there. | |
| 185683956 | Bilateral trade | replaced with triangular trade; this type of trading involved the surplus commodities of one community being exchanged for those of another; restricted the range if trading partners to those with mutually desirable surplus production, and for those with few desirable commodities, thus, inefficient | |
| 185683957 | Porto | A port wine from Portugal | |
| 185683958 | Madeira | An amber-colored dessert wine from Spain | |
| 185683959 | Cork | An especially buoyant type of wood that was purchased from Portugal for building ships in New England | |
| 185683960 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. However, up to 1775, colonists circumvented these laws through smuggling | |
| 185683961 | Molasses Act | A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. | |
| 185683962 | Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. | |
| 185683963 | Jonathan Edwards | Perhaps the deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America, he started the Great Awakening with his new, lively method of preaching | |
| 185683964 | "Established Churches" | Churches that received tax money, more specifically, the Congregational Church and Anglican (Episcopalian) Church | |
| 185683965 | "New Lights" | These preachers were more agitative and confrontational, striking at the hearts of listeners | |
| 185683966 | "Old Lights" | Also known as the "dead dogs", these preachers maintained a certain dignity to their preaching | |
| 185683967 | George Whitefield | One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees. | |
| 185683968 | Poor Richard's Almanack | by Benjamin Franklin (1732-1758) it contained many sayings called from the thinkers of the ages, emphazised such homespun virtues as thrift, industry, morality and common sense. Was well known in Europe and was more widely read in America than anything except the Bible. | |
| 185683969 | John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. | |
| 185683970 | Scots-Irish | A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors. | |
| 185683971 | Paxton Boys | They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. | |
| 185683972 | Regulator Movement | A movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. | |
| 185683973 | Charles Peale | The colonial painter (1741-1827) best known for his portraits of George Washington who also ran a museum for stuffed birds and practiced dentistry. | |
| 185683974 | Phillis Wheatley | First African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published. | |
| 185683975 | John S. Copley | The colonial painter (1738-1815) who went to England for training and was regarded as a loyalist. | |
| 185683976 | Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur | a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America | |
| 185683977 | Baptists | Nonestablished religious group that benefited from the Great Awakening | |
| 185683978 | Catawba Nation | A group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the Southern Piedmont region. Forced migration made the Indians join in this group. | |
| 185683979 | Naval stores | Products of pine forest used in wooden shipbuilding and maintenance | |
| 185683980 | Rack-renting | The system practiced by landlords to squeeze as many tenants as possible onto a property in order to gain the most profit | |
| 185998459 | New France | Reference to the area of Canada, established mainly with private fur-trading companies | |
| 185998460 | Ohio River | a river that is formed in western Pennsylvania and flows westward to become a tributary of the Mississippi River, aka "River to the West" | |
| 185998461 | Appalachian Mountains | This natural land form was the border between English and French New World Territories. To the East were the English colonies and to the West were the French | |
| 185998462 | Ft. Duquesne | The main French fort in the Ohio Valley, this place would later be renamed to Pittsburgh in honor of William Pitt | |
| 185998463 | Edward Braddock | a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded. | |
| 185998464 | British Regulars | members of Great Britain's standing army | |
| 185998465 | Colonial Militiamen | English colony volunteer infantry | |
| 185998466 | "Buckskins" | The derogatory nickname given to the Colonial Militiamen by the British regulars | |
| 185998467 | William Pitt | a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a battle against French forces in Fr. Duquesne. | |
| 185998468 | James Wolfe | English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War | |
| 185998469 | Treaty of Paris 1763 | This ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi. | |
| 185998470 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | |
| 185998471 | Pontiac | Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763 | |
| 185998472 | Martha Custis | A widow, she was the wife of George Washington. Through her he would inherit a wealthy plantation | |
| 185998473 | Huguenots | French Protestants | |
| 185998474 | Samuel de Champlain | Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role he played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France." | |
| 185998475 | Robert de La Salle | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV | |
| 185998476 | Antoine Cadillac | founded Detroit "the city of Straits" in 1701 to stop the English settlers from moving into the Ohio valley | |
| 185998477 | Albany Congress | 1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. | |
| 185998478 | French and Indian War | this struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of the North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War | |
| 185998479 | Iroquois | A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK. | |
| 185998480 | Cajun | A descendant of French pioneers, chiefly in Louisiana, who in 1755 chose to leave Acadia rather than live under the British Crown. | |
| 185998481 | Acadians | French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana. | |
| 185998482 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | |
| 185998483 | War of Spanish Succession | a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France. | |
| 187005052 | Stamp act | an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents | |
| 187005053 | "No taxation without representation" | America's excuse that it was unfair to pay taxes because America did not have a representative in Parliament | |
| 187005054 | Nonimportation agreement | As a response to the Stamp Act, a congress would meet in 1765 to agree upon boycotting English goods | |
| 187005055 | Virtual Representation | British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members | |
| 187005056 | Boston Massacre (aka Boston Brawl) | On March 5th 1770, this event would occur when a group of drunk unruly colonials surrounded a redcoat patrol (about 60 colonials to 10 redcoats). Harassment of the troops would result in shots being fired, injuring and/or killing 11 people. | |
| 187005057 | Crispus Attucks | A black man killed during the Boston Massacre, considered the first black casualty of the American Revolution | |
| 187005058 | John Adams | A Boston lawyer, who would be the defense attorney to the soldiers of the Boston Massacre. As a result, he'd earn a reputation as the defendant of what's fair. | |
| 187005059 | Samuel Adams | The cousin of John Adams, Samuel was an effective propagandist, and would set up the Committees of correspondence | |
| 187005060 | Committees of Correspondence | Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies | |
| 187005061 | "Royal Veto" | when legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations. It was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was resented by the colonists but was only used 469 times out of 8563 laws. | |
| 187005062 | Boston Tea Party | demonstration (December 16, 1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor | |
| 187005063 | Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) | All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers. | |
| 187005064 | Quebec Act | Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies. | |
| 187005065 | Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. | |
| 187005066 | First Continental Congress | September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts | |
| 187005067 | The Association | Effective organization created by the First Continental Congress to provide a total, unified boycott of all British goods | |
| 187005068 | Minutemen | Volunteer soldiers who were ready to fight in a moments notice, established after the First Continenta Congress | |
| 187005069 | Paul Revere | American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming. In addition he drew the misinterpreted engraving of the Boston Massacre | |
| 187005070 | William Dawes | American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799) | |
| 187005071 | Lord North | Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781. | |
| 187005072 | George Grenville | British Prime Minister Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament | |
| 187005073 | Charles Townshend | A man who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament even while drunk. He rashly promised to pluck feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. He seized a dubious distinction between internal and external taxes and made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. But colonials didn't want taxes. | |
| 187005074 | Marquis de Lafayette | French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army. | |
| 187005075 | King George III | King of England, stubborn, stupid, levied taxes even though he knew colonist would hate it, poor ruler, passed Quartering Act, hated colonists, wanted to show who's in charge | |
| 187005076 | Baron von Steuben | volunteer, general in Prussia,offered help to Patriots after Washington won the battles at Trenton & Princeton, arrived at Valley Forge in the spring of 1778 | |
| 187005077 | Board of Trade | commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England | |
| 187005078 | Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. | |
| 187005079 | Sugar Act | halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court | |
| 187005080 | Townshend Acts | A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea | |
| 187005081 | Quartering Act | March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | |
| 187005082 | Hessians | German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty. | |
| 187005083 | Admiralty Courts | British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury. | |
| 187005084 | Loyalists | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence | |
| 187005085 | Stamp Act Congress | meeting of representatives of nine of the thirteen colonies held in New York City in 1765, during which representatives drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights had been violated | |
| 187092145 | Second Continental Congress | This organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence | |
| 187092146 | Battle of Bunker Hill | First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and the British prevailed. However, the British suffered more deaths. | |
| 187092147 | Moral Victory | At the Battle of Bunkerhill the colonists lost tactically but earned this when the battle proved they could fight well | |
| 187092148 | Olive Branch Petition | A petition created by congress in July 1775, asking England to stop waging war because the colonies wanted to remain part of England | |
| 187092149 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man | |
| 187092150 | Richard Henry Lee | In June of 1776, he'd make a motion in congress that the 13 colonies should be independent | |
| 187092151 | John Hancock | President of the Continental Congress, he'd be the first to sign the Declaration of Independence | |
| 187092152 | Liberty Tree | Symbol for the gallows on which enemies of the people deserved to be hanged. Anti-British rallies were often held at these | |
| 187092153 | New Jersey Campaign | Washington's campaign as an attempt to boost troop morale. | |
| 187092154 | Trenton | This surprise attack happened on December 26th, 1776, when Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware river at night and surprised Hessian troops | |
| 187092155 | General Burgoyne | British general appointed by King George III to crush the rebel forces; 1777, subordinate of Howe, lead invading force down Hudson from Canada to Alabany; was present at the Battle of Saratoga and Battle of Yorktown | |
| 187092156 | Summer Soldier | Term coined for soldiers who only had good morale when the conditions were good | |
| 187092157 | Sunshine Patriot | Term coined for patriots who were only vigorous when times were good for the revolution | |
| 187092158 | The Crisis | A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the darkest days of the Revolution for the Patriots that spurred them to keep fighting. "The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot..." | |
| 187092159 | Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation | |
| 187092160 | Saratoga | A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. Burgoyne would surrender to General Gates | |
| 187092161 | Rochambeau | The leader of the French infantry in the Revolutionary War | |
| 187092162 | De Grasse | Admiral of the French Navy, who would bring in about 500 French ships | |
| 187092163 | Battle of Monmouth | 1778-in New Jersey. American troops led by Marquis de Lafayette and Charles Lee and British troops led by Henry Clinton and Charles Cornwallis. American troops won this battle, and as a result the British would withdraw from Philadelphia into New York | |
| 187092164 | Battle of Yorktown | Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. | |
| 187092165 | Benedict Arnold | Successful American general during the Revolution who turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause. | |
| 187092166 | George Washington | The first General of the Continental Army, though he was not a military genius, and would lose more battles than he'd win | |
| 187092167 | William Howe | during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer. | |
| 187092168 | Nathanael Greene | American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land | |
| 187092169 | Charles Cornwallis | A British general, he lost to Nathaniel Green in one campaign. He was humiliated by his defeat in the colonies. He finally lost at the Battle of Yorktown, commonly known as the end of the war, in 1781. | |
| 187092170 | Barry St. Leger | He was a British officer in the American Revolutionary War. He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, St. Leger was halted by American militia in Fort Stanwix. His forces were nearly destroyed while repelling an American relief unit at Oriskany, and the approach of additional American troops forced St. Leger to retreat to Canada. | |
| 187092171 | George Rogers Clark | Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America | |
| 187092172 | Horatio Gates | Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga. | |
| 187092173 | John Paul Jones | The commander of one of America's ships; daring, hard-fighting young Scotsman; helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777; brought war into the water of the British seas. | |
| 187092174 | Thomas Jefferson | He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. | |
| 187092175 | Patrick Henry | a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies "Give me liberty or give me death" | |
| 187092176 | John Jay | United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829) | |
| 187092177 | Treaty of Paris of 1783 | 1783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England |
