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| 223096643 | rights of English men | Until the end of the war, Americans only sought the _____ __ _______ ___. They were reluctant revolutionaries. | |
| 223096644 | rights | Republicanism and Whigs together predisposed the colonists to be alert vs. any threat to ______. | |
| 223096645 | Republicanism | subordinate private, selfish interests to public good, virtue citizenry, civic involvement, opposed to hierarchial & authoritarian institutions | |
| 223096646 | Whigs | feared threat to liberty; attack use patronage & bribes by king's ministers, warn citizens to be on guard vs. corruptions | |
| 223096647 | authority | Property owenership and political participation were accessible in the colonies. They grew accustomed to running their own affairs. Distance weakens _________. | |
| 223096648 | mercantilism | justify Brit. control over colonies, wealth measured by amount gold/ silver in treasury; export more than import; coloines supply raw materials to Britain and were a guaranteed market for (British) exports | |
| 223096649 | London gov.t's expectations of colonists | furnish needed products, refrain making certain things for export, buy exclusively from Britain, no self-sufficiency or self-gov.t | |
| 223096650 | Navigation Law of 1650 | to regulate Mercantilist system, aimed at rival Dutch shippers; subsequent laws- only use British colonial vessels, Eur.n goods for America land in Britain first; ship some "enumerated products" only to Britain | |
| 223096651 | money | _____ shortage; in everyday exchange nails, butter, etc., paper _____ depreciate fast, Parli. prohibit printing paper _____ & from passing bankruptcy laws, Americans say their welfare sacrificed for British commercial interests | |
| 223096652 | nullify legislation | The British crown had the right to _______ ___________, although used it little. The colonists still hated the principle. | |
| 223096653 | obedience, liberty | British = _________, Americans = _______ | |
| 223096654 | mercantile system | American benefits- bounties to colonial producers ship parts, tobacco planters w/ monopoly in British market, protection under strong navy & army; burdens- dependency on British agents & creditors, felt used | |
| 223096655 | Grenville | British prime minister, 1763 ordered Britain to enforce Navigation Laws; secured the Sugar Act; said Parli. w/ "virtual representation: | |
| 223096656 | Sugar Act of 1764 | by Grenville, first law passed by Parli. for raising tax revenue in colonies for crown; increased duty on foreign provisions & on sugar (from W. Indies); lowered after colonists protest | |
| 223096657 | Quartering Act | 1765- certain colonies req.d provide food & quarters for Britsh troops, some colonial assemblies refuse comply or vote only fraction supplies it called for; again after 1774 (Boston Tea Party) | |
| 223096658 | Stamp Act | by Grenville 1765; for new military force; stamps req.d on bills o sale for about fifty trade items & certain commercial & legal documents, Americans thought they were a strike at local liberties; nullifies b/c machinery for collecting tax broke, no one to sell stamps, England hit hard, 1776 Parli. repealed the _____ Act | |
| 223096659 | admiralty courts | no trial by jury, no "innocent until proved guilty;" offenders of Sugar & Stamp Acts try here | |
| 223096660 | empire, Americans | colonists suspicious of British needing troops after French gone, Parli. has right ro legislate matters that affect whole ______, but deny right of Parli. to impose taxes on _________; say only elected legislatures could legally tax them. Americans did NOT want representation in Parli. | |
| 223096661 | Stamp Act Congress | 1765 in New York City; 27 delegates from 9 colonies; statement rights & grievances, beseech king & Parli. to repeal legislation, ignored in England, effect over time, step toward intercolonial unity | |
| 223096662 | Nonimportation agreements | vs. British goods, effective in Stamp Act, unite American people in common action, protest oppurtunities; NOT as effective vs. Townshend Acts (b/c was light & indirect and could smuggle tea at cheap price) | |
| 223096663 | Sons/ Daughters of Liberty | violent, "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps," enforce nonimportation agreements; ("Sons") in Boston Tea Party dressed as Indians | |
| 223096664 | George III | statue made in his honor by grateful residents when Parli. repealed the Stamp Act; bad ruler | |
| 223096665 | Declaratory Act | Parli. had right to bind colonies in all cases whatsoever | |
| 223096666 | Townshend Acts | import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and TEA to pay salaries of judges and royal governors in America; nonimportation agreements NOT as effective vs. _________ ____ b/c was light & indirect and colonists could smuggle tea at a cheap price (also, by 1773, legal was cheaper than smuggled and those in England); fail make revenue; Lord North gov.t got Parli. repeal Townshend Acts by keeping 3-pence tea toll (still enforce Navigation Acts) | |
| 223096667 | Boston Massacre | snowballs thrown at ten redcoats (b/c boy shot in protest for merchant who defied boycott Brit. goods); Britsh troops open fire w/o order, kill/ wound 11, 2 redoats guilty, soldiers released | |
| 223096668 | Lord North | George III; got Parli. to repeal Townshend Acts by keeping 3-pence tea toll, enforce Navigation Laws still | |
| 223096669 | Samuel Adams | Boston, faith in common people, organized in Massachusetts the local committees of correspondence; leading spirit Boston Tea Party; First Continental Congress 1774, signed Declaration of Independence | |
| 223096670 | local committees of correspondence | exchange letters, opposition to British policy | |
| 223096671 | intercolonial committees | every colony w/ central committee to exchange ideas & information w/ other colonies, united action, evolve into first American congresses | |
| 223096672 | British East India Company | faced bankruptcy so given monopoly over American tea so London gov.t wouldn't lose tax revenue, lowered tea prices (but Americans think playing a trick & still mad about principle of tax~ principle over price); mass demonstrations (tea ships return to England w/ full cargoes, burnt, tea seized) | |
| 223096673 | Thomas Hutchinson | governor Boston; say colonists w/ no right to flout law but agree tax tax unjust; abridgement English liberties needed for law & order in the colonies; went to Britain after Boston Tea Party | |
| 223096674 | Boston Tea Party | December 16, 1773; Sons of Liberty dress like Indians (look scary & conceal identity) and smash & dump tea; Parli. got mad from this & created the "Intolerable Acts" as well as the Quartering Act (power to lodge British soldiers anywhere), Boston Port Act (closed Boston harbor until damages paid & order can be insured), and Quebec Act | |
| 223096675 | "Intolerable Acts" | in response to Boston Tea Party, restrictions town meetings, officials who kill colonists in line of duty can be sent to Britain for trial; most significant response was the First Continental Congress | |
| 223096676 | Boston Port Act | in response to Boston Tea Party, closed Boston harbor until damages paid & order can be ensured | |
| 223096677 | Quebec Act | in response to Boston Tea Party, France w/ Catholic religion & retain old customs institutions; Quebec boundaries extended to ohio River; Americans mad b/c unrepresentative assemblies & no jury trial, "Popery" | |
| 223096678 | First Continental Congress | most significant response to the "Intolerable Acts," 1774 Philadelphia, ways to redress colonial grievances, 12/13 colonies (no Georgia); consultative, Declaration of Rights, J. Adams help defeat moderates' proposal for American home rule; Parli. rejected petitions, made The Association | |
| 223096679 | The Association | by First Continental Congress, complete boycott British goods (nonimportation, nonexportation, & nonconsumption); to repeal offensive legislation & eliminate parliamentary taxation, start open drilling | |
| 223096680 | Lexington & Concord | April 1775 Brit. sent to _________ _ _______ to seize colonial gunpowder & bag "rebel" ringleaders Sam. Adams & Hancock; _________- not really a battle, _______- redcoats forced to retreat by Americans, "Shot heard round world" | |
| 223096681 | British strengths & weaknesses | pluses- population (3:1), wealth & naval power, professional army (inc. Ger. Hessians), Loyalists &(unreliable) Indians on long stretches frontier; minuses- troops in Ireland, didn't want to kill American cousins, second-rate generals, soldiers brutally treated, poor provisions, had to conquer (not restore pre-1763), 3,000 miles (military orders often received too late) | |
| 223096682 | Colonial strengths & weaknesses | pluses- had English Whigs support (as opposed to Lord North's Tories), leadership, foreign aid (ally w/ France~ provide military supplies, too) Eur.n officers fight for pay, self-sustaining agriculture, belief in just cause; minues- poorly trained militia (unreliable although numerous), no urban nerve center, lack unity, no constitution until Articles of Confederation (Continental Congress debating & grow feeble), sectional jealousy, money depreciated (inflation, prices skyrocket, families w/ soldiers hard hit, debtors pay debts easily), limited military supplies, lack food, scarce clothing & shoes | |
| 223096683 | Marquis de Lafayette | wealthy young Fr. nobleman, major general in colonial army, provided service & $200,000 private funds, also play role in Fr. Rev. after returned home | |
| 223096684 | Baron von Ateuban | German, didn't speak English, one of the stern colonial drillmasters who contributed to getting 7 or 8 thousand regulars (by war's end) in shape, taught what to use bayonet for | |
| 223096685 | Blacks | _____ fought to secure own liberty, mostly from the North; at end war, Brit. kept word to some & evacuate 14,000 "Black Loyalists" to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, & England | |
| 223096686 | Lord Dunmore | November 1775 issued proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who join British army, "____ _______'s Ethiopian Regiment" | |
| 223096687 | American profiteers | undermined revolutionary army morale; profits before patriotism, sell to Britain b/c pay in gold, make 50%- 200% profit on army garb, spectators force prices skyhigh, | |
| 223096688 | independence | Washington never had 20,000 effective troops in one place at one time. There was not enough revolutionary zeal- only a select minority of American colonists were selflessly attached to the cause of ____________. | |
| 223096689 | Brazila Lew | Bunker Hill, 27th Massachusetts Regiment, drummer |
