Made March 12, 2013
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| 3636145512 | Revolution of 1800 | Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system. | 0 | |
| 3636145513 | patronage | Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees. | 1 | |
| 3636145514 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary. | 2 | |
| 3636145515 | midnight judges (1801) | Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly-elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act. | 3 | |
| 3636145516 | Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality. | 4 | |
| 3636145517 | Tripolitan War (1801-1805) | Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli. | 5 | |
| 3636145518 | Louisiana Purchase (1803) | Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement. | 6 | |
| 3636145519 | Corps of Discovery (1804-1806) | Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west. | 7 | |
| 3636145520 | Orders in Council (1806-1807) | Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties. | 8 | |
| 3636145521 | impressment | Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. This was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period. | 9 | |
| 3636145522 | Chesapeake affair (1807) | Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. | 10 | |
| 3636145523 | Embargo Act (1807) | Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. This placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809. | 11 | |
| 3636145524 | Non-Intercourse Act (1809) | Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect. | 12 | |
| 3636145525 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war. | 13 | |
| 3636145526 | war hawks (1811-1812) | Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, they resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. | 14 | |
| 3636145527 | Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) | Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States. | 15 | |
| 3636145528 | Thomas Jefferson | chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826); third president of the US | 16 | |
| 3636145529 | Sally Hemings | a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, who, according to some, was the mother of some of Thomas Jefferson's children | 17 | |
| 3636145530 | Albert Gallatin | He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and he believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors. | 18 | |
| 3636145531 | John Marshall | as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835) | 19 | |
| 3636145532 | Samuel Chase | supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate. | 20 | |
| 3636145533 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 21 | |
| 3636145534 | Robert R. Livingston | along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million | 22 | |
| 3636145535 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | 23 | |
| 3636145536 | Meriwether Lewis | United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809) | 24 | |
| 3636145537 | William Clark | United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River | 25 | |
| 3636145538 | Aaron Burr | served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him. | 26 | |
| 3636145539 | James Madison | 4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836) | 27 | |
| 3636145540 | Tecumseh | a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813) | 28 | |
| 3636145541 | Tenskwatawa "The Prophet" | the Prophet; inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe | 29 |
