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| the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine | ||
| Ralph Waldo Emmerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830's. | ||
| legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims for bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of there individual shares. | ||
| The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts. | ||
| Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions. | ||
| Historians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining and grazing | ||
| Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere. | ||
| Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wear, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest. | ||
| privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce. | ||
| A historic canal that connects the Hudson River at Albany in eastern New York with the Niagara River and the Great Lakes. It opened in 1825. | ||
| Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the PA mines | ||
| Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for down-trodden Irish immigrants in the U..S. | ||
| Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely place outposts. | ||
| Powerful NY political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services. | ||
| Nativist political party, aka the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics. | ||
| term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovation-turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads-that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy. | ||
| Eighteenth and nineteenth century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network. | ||
| Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South. | ||
| Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years. | ||
| The National Road or Cumberland Road was one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government. Construction began in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River | ||
| the first national park in the United States, created in 1872. Located in the border area between Wyoming and Montana and Idaho; spectacular wilderness; famous for Old Faithful geyser and for buffalo and bears. Once more parks were created, the National Park Service was created by Wilson in 1916 | ||
| Fur magnate and founder of a renowned family of Anglo-American capitalists, business leaders, and philanthropists. His American Fur Company is considered the first American business monopoly. Astoria was named after him. | ||
| American inventor, engineer, and artist who brought steamboating from the experimental stage to commercial success. He also designed a system of inland waterways, a submarine, and a steam warship. | ||
| U.S. financier noted for the success of the first transatlantic cable. He was the younger brother of the law reformer David Dudley Field and of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Field. | ||
| Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson. | ||
| Irish-American industrialist and inventor who is generally credited with the development (from 1831) of the mechanical reaper. | ||
| British-born founder of the American cotton-textile industry textile. He oversaw construction of the nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill (1790-1793). | ||
| inventor of the cotton gin | ||
| American inventor whose sewing machine helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the factory and in the home. | ||
| Helped Howe perfect the sewing machine by making it quicker and brought it to middle class families and large maufacturers. | ||
| an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code | ||
| American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster. | ||
| eighth president of the United States (1837-41) and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. He was known as the "Little Magician" to his friends (and the "Sly Fox" to his enemies) in recognition of his reputed cunning and skill as a politician. |
