For APUSH Students using the American Pageant 14th Edition Textbook.
I did not define the terms - a friend did. I just put the words in quizlet form.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1792328278 | Great West | From Texas to Canada. Was Still relatively untamed, wild, and full of Indians, bison, and wildlife. Scarcely populated by a few Mormons and Mexicans | 0 | |
| 1792328279 | Reservation System | The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850's and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The US Gov't encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservation at all times. | 1 | |
| 1792328280 | Battle of Little Big Horn | 1876. A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late 19th century, also known as "Custer's Last Stand." June 25-26, 1876, combined forces of 2K+ Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 US soldiers, including Col George Custer. The battle came as the US gov't tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers. This Indian advantage did not last, however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and US Army soon exacted retribution | 2 | |
| 1792328281 | Battle of Wounded Knee | 1890. A battle between the US Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 US soldiers died. Was more like slaughter, as the Natives were mostly unarmed and were surrendering. Tensions erupted violently over 2 major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Practice" which the US gov't had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up b/c of the Dawes Act. This slaughter was the last act of violence against Native Americans, and women and children were killed too. | 3 | |
| 1792328282 | Dawes Severalty Act | 1887. An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund US gov't efforts to "civilize" Native Americans reservations before the Act, 90 million acres were sold to non-Native buyers. Eliminated tribes as legal entities, and made them family farms | 4 | |
| 1792328283 | Mining Industry | After gold and silver strikes in CO, Nev, and other W territories in the second half of the 19th century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the W to dig. These metals were essential to US industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build necessary machines. | 5 | |
| 1792328284 | Homestead Act | 1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. This act assumed that public land should be administered in such a way as to promote frontier settlement. Most people just ended up going back to the city because they could not farm. | 6 | |
| 1792328285 | Mechanization of Agriculture | The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity in the 1870's-80's. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove family farms out of business. | 7 | |
| 1792328286 | Populists | Officially known as the People's party, these people represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that US economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the Nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing communication and transportation (especially railroads), creating a graduated income tax, and the unlimited coinage of silver. | 8 | |
| 1792328287 | Pullman Strike | An 1894 strike by RR workers upset by drastic wage cuts (1/3 of previous wages). The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually Pres Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike on the basis that the strike was preventing the transit of US Mail. The strike highlighted divisions within labor and the gov'ts new willingness to use armed forces to combat work stoppages. Workers overturned cars and paralyzed railroads from Chicago to the Pacific. The AF of L denied connection as the AF of L supported decency in their protests. The Government intervention revealed an apparent alliance to big business rather than to the workers. | 9 | |
| 1792328288 | Fourth Party System | A term scholars have used to describe Nat'l politics from 1896-1932 when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy | 10 | |
| 1792328289 | Gold Standard Act | A 1900 act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign | 11 | |
| 1792328290 | Buffalo Soldiers | Called by the Indians, they were 1/5 of all US Army personnel on the frontier who were African American. The Army was segregated, and these soldiers made up the 10th Calvary. They saw the most action in the West | 12 | |
| 1792328291 | Hunchback Cows | Coined by the Spanish, they were then tens of millions of buffalo that blackened the W prairies when white Americans first arrived. | 13 | |
| 1792328292 | Sportsmen | People who killed bison who when they were lurching on RR trains, they'd lean out the windows and blaze away at the animals to satisfy their luster of slaughter. | 14 | |
| 1792328293 | Indian Reorganization Act | It partially reversed the individualistic approach and tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life. B/c of this, the Indian population grew from 243K in 1934 to 1.5mil in 2000. Called the New India Deal | 15 | |
| 1792385204 | Fifty Niners | Poured into Nevada in 1859 after the fabulous Comstock Lode had been uncovered. The "Kings of the Comstock" from 1860-90 mined a fantastic amount of gold and silver, $340mil. Nevada was then RR to the Union in 1864 to provide more electoral votes for Lincoln. | 16 | |
| 1792385205 | Pike Peakers | They rushed West to take on the gold in the Rockies | 17 | |
| 1792385206 | Ghost Towns | Such as Virginia City, Nevada, they silhouetted in the desert. They began with a boom and ended with a whimper. | 18 | |
| 1792385207 | Beef Barons | Like the Swifts and Armours, the highly industrialized meatpacking business took off. Situated in Chicago and KS City, they sent goods East in refrigerated cars. | 19 | |
| 1796088395 | Silver Senators | Represented people of the acreage states of the W as they used disproportionate influence to promote the interest of silver miners. | 20 | |
| 1801635844 | Long Drive | Texas cowboys drove herds from 1-10K over unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a RR terminal. They passed through cow towns like Dodge City, Cheyenne, and Ogallala (Neb). | 21 | |
| 1801635845 | Sodbusters | They poured west onto the prairies as these areas lacked trees for lumber and fuel as they built homes from sod they dug from the ground and burned corncobs for warmth. | 22 | |
| 1801635846 | Dry Farming | This took root on the plains as they adapted to the arid western environment but over time this type of farming created a pulverized surface soil that contributed to the Dust Bowl. | 23 | |
| 1801635847 | Carlisle Indian School | A school in PA funded by the gov't in 1879 where Native Americans children separated from their tribes learned English and white value and customs. "Kill the Indian and Save the Man" was the motto. Many Native American parents would never see their children again after agreeing to send their kid here. | 24 | |
| 1801635848 | Northern Pacific Railroad | Built by James Hill, without government subsidies. It helped to develop the agriculture in the West. | 25 | |
| 1801635849 | Great American Desert | Northern Pacific Railroad helped develop the agricultural West. Thought the land was sterile but it wasn't. A lot of people moved here for farming because wheat prices were high, so they could sell them for profit. | 26 | |
| 1801635850 | Turner Thesis | Also known as the Frontier thesis, the argument made by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the declining American Frontier, and that the frontier represented the unique American character. Not completely true as: 1. American Democracy was fostered by our democratic heritage from England and by the demands of workers and reformers to have a greater voice in the government. 2.England developed a democratic government without the existence of a frontier 3. The South Western frontier developed neither a strong democratic tradition or a strong sense of nationalism. 4. The frontier did not serve as a safety valve for immigrants. They did not have the skills or equipment to farm or ranch on the frontier. The majority who became Homesteaders returned to the cities. 5. The expansion of the frontier was primarily a result of eastern demand for raw materials and food. 6. Despite the frontier, 19th century America was never fully economically independent from Europe. There was a great need for European markets for agricultural goods and capital needed for investment. However, Most historians agree that western expansion, agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization have all greatly contributed to help shape modern America and shape the American character. | 27 | |
| 1801635851 | 89ers | A nickname referring to the citizens who settled in Oklahoma at the time of the land rushes of 1889. Since frequently these settlers moved into the area prematurely, they caused Oklahomans in general to be called "Sooners." | 28 | |
| 1801635852 | Safety Valve Theory | The spurious theory that stated when hard times came, the unemployed who cluttered the city pavements merely moved west, farmed, and prospered. | 29 | |
| 1801635853 | Mail Order Catalogs | Companies such as Aaron Montgomery Ward catalogue or Sears, which shipped products to people all across the country. Allowed people to shop without actually going to a store or whatever. | 30 | |
| 1858870553 | The Grange | It was organized in 1867 and led by Oliver H Kelley, a shrewd and energetic MN farmer who worked as a DC clerk. He wanted to enhance the farmer's lives through education, social, and fraternal activities. By 1875 it claimed over 800K members in the Mid W and S. They met in red schoolhouses. They started supporting individual improvement but then supported improvement of all the farmers. They created cooperatively owned stores, grain elevators, and warehouses. They then went into politics and succeeded in IL, WI, and MN. They strove to regulate RR rates and storage fees. Lawyers fought the badly designed Granger Laws. The Grangers decreased after the Wabash Case. This movement then formed the Greenback Labor Party. | 31 | |
| 1858870554 | Greenback Labor Party | Attracted farmers, and in 1878, the Greenback Laborites polled over a million votes and elected 14 members of Congress. In 1880, the Greenbackers ran General James B. Weaver, a Civil War general, but he polled 3% of the popular vote. | 32 | |
| 1858870555 | Cross of Gold Speech | William Jennings Bryan's speech that supported the coinage of silver. It caused him to win the Democratic Convention the next day. He supported unlimited coinage of silver at 1/16 rather than 1/32 of gold. | 33 | |
| 1858870556 | Dingley Tariff Bill | Almost as soon as McKinley took office, the tariff issue, which had played second fiddle to silver in the Election of 1896, quickly forced itself to the forefront of debate. The current Wilson-Gorman law was not raising enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits, and the Republican trusts thought that they had purchased the right to additional tariff protection by their lush contributions to Hanna's war chest. In due course the Dingley Tariff Bill was jammed through the House in 1897, under the pounding gavel of the re-throned "Czar" Reed. The proposed new rates were high, but not high enough to satisfy the paunchy lobbyists, who once again descended upon the Senate. Over 850 amendments were tacked onto the overburdened bill. The resulting piece of patchwork finally established the average rates at 46.5 percent, substantially higher than the Democratic Wilson-Gorman Act of 1894 and in some categories even higher than the McKinley Act of 1890. | 34 | |
| 1858870557 | Frederick Jackson Turner | In 1893 he wrote the most influential essays about American History, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." He wrote how the frontier was more than a place as it was a state of mind and a symbol of opportunity. He also argued that the Frontier was the foundation of the American democratic character. He wrote that "American History had been in large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West" as the US was finally almost finished settling the west, which started when Columbus first came to America. | 35 | |
| 1858870558 | Jacob S. Coxey | A wealthy OH quarry owner who set out for DC 1894 with few supporters and newspaper reporters. His platform included a demand that the gov't relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program, supported by the Treasury. His "Commonweal Army" of Coxeyites followed Legal Tender Coxey who rode in a carriage with his wife and infant son. Him and his "lieutenants" were arrested for walking on the grass. | 36 | |
| 1858870559 | William McKinley | This Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. An anarchist assassinated him in 1901. | 37 | |
| 1858870560 | Marcus Alonzo Hanna | The driving force behind McKinley's rise to the presidency, Hanna was a former businessman who raised money and devised strategy for McKinley's winning bid for the White House in 1896. His greatest power, which killed Bryan in his campaigns, was fear and intimidation. He was an outstanding fundraiser and used other prominent politicians to speak for McKinley, who was not such a strong speaker. He essentially founded negative ads, and used them to beat Bryan. | 38 | |
| 1858933038 | William Jennings Bryan | 36 yr. old, Nebraska "Boy Orator of the Platte" who with a peninsular jaw and raven-black hair, confidently stepped and quieted a platform of 15K people. This speech was the Cross of Gold speech, which supported silver. He had an organ like voice. The Populists supported them. Bryan weakened in the campaign b/c of his fear of Hanna. He lost 271 (7,102,246-6,492,559) 176. Bryan won down S and out W. Many factory workers unwillingly voted for McKinley to protect their jobs. | 39 | |
| 1858933039 | JM Chivington | Sand Creek, CO 1864, this Col's militia massacred in cold blood 400 Indians who thought they had been promised immunity. Women were shot praying for mercy, children's brains were dashed out, and braves were tortured, scalped, and mutilated. | 40 | |
| 1858933040 | William J Fetterman | 1866 a Sioux War party attempted to block Bozeman Trail construction to Montana goldfields were ambushed by this man's command of 81 soldiers and civilians in WY's Bighorn Mtns. Indians did not leave 1 survivor as they mutilated all the corpses. One trooper's face was spitted w/ 105 arrows. This massacre was second in notoriety only to Custer's Last Stand. | 41 | |
| 1858933041 | George Armstrong Custer | Buckskin clad boy general of the Civil War was demoted to colonel and turned into an Indian fighter. He wrote that the annihilation of Fetterman "awakened a bitter feeling toward the savage perpetrators." The ferocious cycle warfare intensified. He was annihilated after he ambitiously attacks Crazy Horse in the Battle of Little Big Horn. | 42 | |
| 1858933042 | Geronimo | He led the Apache in AZ as he hated whites. They were pursued into MX by federal troops using the sun-graphing heliograph. They were convinced to surrender as their women were taken to FL. They however became successful OK farmers. He became the last Native American to surrender. | 43 | |
| 1858933043 | John Wesley Powell | A one-armed geologist and explorer of CO's R Grand Canyon as he was director of US Geological Survey. He believed land passed the 100th meridian was hard to grow agriculture as there was minimal rain. People who ignored him and farmed in the planes quickly went bankrupt. The Great American Desert was soon blossomed with greatly funded irrigation systems. | 44 | |
| 1858933044 | Joseph F Glidden | 1874, he invented the barbed wire which closed up prairies starting ranches as it solved the problem of building fences on the treeless prairies. | 45 | |
| 1858933045 | Marshall James Hickok | A fabulous gunman who killed only in self defense or in the line of duty and was fatally shot in the back in 1876 while playing poker. He kept peace in Abilene, KS. | 46 | |
| 1858933046 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce Indians. They went from NE OR when US authorities tried herding them into a reservation. He finally surrendered w/ 700 Indians after a tortuous 1700-mile trek across the Continental Divide to Canada. He hoped to rendezvous with Sitting Bull who took refuge N of the border after the Battle of Little Big Horn. Joe and the Nez were betrayed into believing they'd be taken to their ancestral grounds of Idaho but were instead taken to a KS reservation where 40% died from disease. The remaining ones were led to Idaho. He was a brilliant strategist, but used his skills to avoid confrontation. While he fled, he took everyone, including elderly, women, and children. | 47 | |
| 1858933047 | Helen Hunt Jackson | Wrote "A century of dishonor" it was a chronicled record of government ruthlessness with Indians. "Romona" was a love story about Indians. This increased sympathy for Indians. | 48 | |
| 1858933048 | James Weaver | Populists candidate in the Election of 1892. He gathered a 1 million votes, mostly from the West (farmers). This number was uncommon and rather large for a third party. | 49 | |
| 1858933049 | Ignatius Donnelly | A Populist from MN who was elected 3 times to Congress. | 50 | |
| 1858933050 | Mary Elizabeth Lease | The queen of the populists as she was tall, athletic, and known as "Kansas Pythoness" as she demanded KS should raise less corn and more hell. Her and KS angered the E as the E could not civilize KS showing that complaint was rural America's #1 crop. | 51 | |
| 1858933051 | Eugene Debs | A labor leader who organized the American Railway Union of 150K members. He caused the Pullman Strike and was arrested and sentenced to 6 months imprisonment for contempt of court b/c he defied a federal court injunction to cease striking. In prison he read much radical literature as he was leader of the Socialist movement in America after leaving prison. | 52 | |
| 1858933052 | Richard Olney | US Attorney General who was an ultraconservative and ex-RR attorney who urged the dispatch of federal troops to take on the Pullman Strike b/c it was interfering with the transit of US mail. Pres. Cleveland supported him and said "If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered." | 53 | |
| 1858933053 | Will Hope Harvey | He wrote the popular pamphlet titled Coin's Financial School in 1894 as it supported free coinage of silver. Populists supported it. He showed a golden ogre beheading a beautiful silver maiden. He overwhelmed bankers and economic professors with his brilliant arguments for silver. | 54 | |
| 1859673750 | Comstock Lode | Abundance of Gold found in Nevada that attracted who came to be known as the 59ers | 55 |
