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| 875216222 | Protestant Reformation | Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in En gland in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church. (27) | 0 | |
| 875216223 | Roanoke Island | Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. (28) | 1 | |
| 875216224 | Spanish Armada | Spanish fleet defeated in the En glish Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. (29) | 2 | |
| 875216225 | primogeniture | Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. (30) | 3 | |
| 875216226 | joint-stock company | Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund En gland's early colonial ventures. (30) | 4 | |
| 875216227 | charter | Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of En glishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. (30) | 5 | |
| 875216228 | Jamestown | First permanent En glish settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company. (30) | 6 | |
| 875216229 | First-Anglo Powhattan War | (1614): Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and En glish settlers in Virginia. En glish colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in En gland's campaigns against the Irish. (32) | 7 | |
| 875216230 | Second-Anglo Powhattan War | (1644-1646): Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement. (33) | 8 | |
| 875216231 | Act of Toleration | Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Chris tians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. (36) | 9 | |
| 875216232 | Barbados Slave Code | First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries. (37) | 10 | |
| 875216233 | squatters | Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more in de pen dent-minded and "dem ocratic" than its neighbors. (40) | 11 | |
| 875216234 | Tuscarora War | Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation. (40) | 12 | |
| 875216235 | Yamasee Indians | Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. (40) | 13 | |
| 875216236 | buffer | In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. (41) | 14 | |
| 875216237 | Iroquois Confederacy | Bound together five tribes— the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. (42) | 15 | |
| 875216238 | Henry VIII | King of England that was excommunicated from Roman Catholic Church because he separated the Church of England from papal authority. | 16 | |
| 875216239 | Elizabeth I | Queen of Britain who knighted Francis Drake after he pirated Spanish ships for gold then circumnavigated the globe. | 17 | |
| 875216240 | Sir Francis Drake | Francis Drake pirated Spanish ships for gold then circumnavigated the globe. | 18 | |
| 875216241 | Sir Walter Raleigh | failed to establish the Roanoke Island. | 19 | |
| 875216242 | James I | Sent a charter to Virginia company to make a settlement in the New World. | 20 | |
| 875216243 | Captain John Smith | took over control of colonies and whipped the colonists into shape. | 21 | |
| 875216244 | Powhatan | chief of local indians, powhatans | 22 | |
| 875216245 | Pocahontas | married john rolfe to create a sort of alliance, grew sweet tobacco. | 23 | |
| 875216246 | Lord De La Warr | arrived in virgina company to ruthlessly kill many indians | 24 | |
| 875216247 | John Rolfe | married pocahontas to create alliance | 25 | |
| 875216248 | Lord Baltimore | founded Maryland, was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed. | 26 | |
| 875216249 | Oliver Cromwell | ruled for ten very strict years before tired Englishmen restored Charles II | 27 | |
| 875216250 | James Oglethorpe | georgia was mainly founded by him | 28 | |
| 875216251 | hiawatha | native-american leader and co-founder of Iroquois Confederacy | 29 |
