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| 38463964 | Samuel Slater | sailed to the U.S. under a false name to give Americans the secret of Britain's textile machines | 0 | |
| 38463965 | Cotton Gin | a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 | 1 | |
| 38463966 | American System | an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. | 2 | |
| 38463967 | National Road | A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois | 3 | |
| 38463968 | Lancaster Turnpike | hard-surfaced highway that ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster; drivers had to pay a toll to use it. | 4 | |
| 38463969 | Erie Canal | a 363-mile-long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825 | 5 | |
| 38463970 | Steamboat | Robert Fulton; 1807; used to go upstream | 6 | |
| 38463971 | Telegraph | 1837 | 7 | |
| 38463972 | Steel Plow | Invented by John Deere and was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod of the Midwest and the Plains. | 8 | |
| 38463973 | Sewing Machine | Elias Howe, Isaac Singer; 1846; easier to make clothing | 9 | |
| 38463974 | King Cotton | cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics. | 10 | |
| 38463975 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs. | 11 | |
| 38463976 | South Carolina Exposition | a pamphlet put out by SC written by John C Calhoun saying the tariff or 1828 was unconstitutional | 12 | |
| 38463977 | Nullification Crisis | Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void. | 13 | |
| 38463978 | Bank War | Jackson vs. Bank & Biddle; Jackson begins taking out funds and putting them into pet banks, successfully "killing" the bank; leads to fluctuation in economy and eventual panic | 14 | |
| 38463979 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | 15 | |
| 38463980 | Indian Removal Act | Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. | 16 | |
| 38463981 | Trail of Tears | The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of cherokees died. | 17 | |
| 38463982 | Martin Van Buren | Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836 | 18 | |
| 38463983 | Independent Treasury Act | 1840 - "divorce bill" set up by Martin Van Buren (as a result of the Panic of 1837) to protect federal money from bad loans! | 19 | |
| 38463984 | John Marshall | created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court | 20 | |
| 38463985 | Webster Hayne Debate | Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable" | 21 | |
| 38463986 | Tariff of 1832 | The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections. | 22 | |
| 38463987 | Missouri Compromise | The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. | 23 | |
| 38463988 | Middle Passage | the voyage that brought slaves to america | 24 | |
| 38463989 | Denmark Vesey | United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822) | 25 | |
| 38463990 | Nat Turner | Slave from VA that led group of slaves to kill their slaves holders abd familes. Turner caught and executed on Nov.11, 1831. Slave states stricker control on slave population. | 26 | |
| 38463991 | Second Great Awakening | A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. | 27 | |
| 38463992 | American Colonization Society | A society which established the colony of Liberia, to which freed blacks were sent from the United States. The colony later declared its independance. | 28 | |
| 38463993 | Horace Mann | Education activist who worked towards better funding, longer school years, and higher pay for teachers | 29 | |
| 38463994 | Oneida Community | founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. The community believed that Jesus Christ had already returned in the year 70, making it possible for them to bring about Christ's millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world, not just Heaven (a belief called Perfectionism). | 30 | |
| 38463995 | Brook Farm | A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. | 31 | |
| 38463996 | New Harmony | This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q | 32 | |
| 38463997 | Mormons | church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT | 33 | |
| 38463998 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." | 34 | |
| 38463999 | Seneca Falls Convention | Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. | 35 | |
| 38464000 | Transcendentalism | a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience. | 36 | |
| 38464001 | Romanticism | This was the response to the Enlightenment in which they believed that not everything could be measured, because of the passion of emotion | 37 | |
| 38464002 | Hudson River School | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River | 38 | |
| 38464003 | German and Irish Immigration | 1840s and 1850s | 39 | |
| 38464004 | Nativism | the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners | 40 | |
| 38464005 | Order of the Star Spangled Banner | Order of the Star Spangled Banner- The noisier American "Nativists" rallied for political action. In 1849 they formed this, which soon developed into the formidable American, or "Know-Nothing," party—a name derived from its secretiveness. | 41 | |
| 38464006 | Scabs | Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike | 42 | |
| 38464007 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies | 43 | |
| 38464008 | Stephen Austin | Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish | 44 | |
| 38464009 | Alamo | the mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico | 45 | |
| 38464010 | Battle of San Jacinto | (1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas | 46 | |
| 38464011 | Commodore Perry | Leader who came to Japan and forced them to open up to Western trade and influence | 47 | |
| 38464012 | Caroline Incident | An incident where an American steamer was attacked by the British. It caused a rise in tensions between the two countries. | 48 | |
| 38464013 | Aroostook War | The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl. | 49 | |
| 38464014 | Webster Ashburton Treaty | 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition | 50 | |
| 38464015 | John Tyler | elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery | 51 | |
| 38464016 | Annexation of Texas | 1845. Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits | 52 | |
| 38464017 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | 53 | |
| 38464018 | James Polk | Westward Expansion, expansion of slavery; led expansion of US to south-west through war against Mexico | 54 | |
| 38464019 | Manifest Destiny | This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. | 55 | |
| 38464020 | Oregon Territory | This territory was at on time jointly occupied by England, the U;.S., Russia, and Spain. Later on, only Britain and the U.S. occupied this territory. A treaty between England and the U.S. in 1846 split the territory at the 49th parallel. | 56 | |
| 38464021 | 54 40 or Fight | slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk. | 57 | |
| 38464022 | Columbia River | Was explored by Lewis and Clark | 58 | |
| 38464023 | Mexican American War | President Polk sent troops into disputed land between the rio grande and Nueces River. American troops died when Mexican troops fired on them thinking the American were on Mexican land. 1846-1848, war with Mexico | 59 | |
| 38464024 | John Slidell | Sent by Polk to Mexico to negotiate Texas independence and purchase of California and New Mexico - was ignored by Mexican Government | 60 | |
| 38464025 | Bear Flag Revolt | A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state. | 61 | |
| 38464026 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million | 62 | |
| 38464027 | California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco. | 63 | |
| 38464028 | Transcontinental Railroad | Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west | 64 | |
| 38464029 | Gadsden Purchase | 1853 purchase of more land for purpose of building intercontinental railroad | 65 | |
| 38464030 | Clayton Bulwer Treaty | between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881 | 66 | |
| 38464031 | Ostend Manifesto | a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. | 67 | |
| 38464032 | Free Soil Party | Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. | 68 | |
| 38464033 | Millard Filmore | The Free soil party's candidate for president 1848 | 69 | |
| 38464034 | William Walker | he tried repeatedly to take control of Nicaragua in the 1850s, backed by an armed force recruited largely in the South, he installed himself as president in July 1856 and promptly legalized slavery | 70 | |
| 38464035 | Gag Resolution | Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives | 71 | |
| 38464036 | Compromise of 1850 | Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession | 72 | |
| 38464037 | Fugitive Slave Law | Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. | 73 | |
| 38464038 | Panic of 1857 | Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads | 74 | |
| 38464039 | Franklin Pierce | an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West. | 75 | |
| 38464040 | Dred Scott | A supreme court Ruling that a slave taken into a free state was not free | 76 | |
| 38464041 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | a novel published by harriet be echer stowe in 1852 whichpar trayed slavery as brutal and immoral | 77 | |
| 38464042 | Popular Sovereignty | The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free | 78 | |
| 38464043 | Bleeding Kansas | : was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" elements that took place in Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858 attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. | 79 | |
| 38464044 | Beecher's Bibles | Guns provided young men who went to fight for free soil in Kansas. | 80 | |
| 38464045 | Topeka Constitution | First attempt to establish a constitution for Kansas Territory. Angered pro-slavery people who claimed it was illegal. Started another dispute and led to "Bleeding Kansas." | 81 | |
| 38464046 | LeCompton Constitution | Pro-slave constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election | 82 | |
| 38464047 | Republican Party | Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers | 83 | |
| 38464048 | Lincoln Douglas Debates | 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate | 84 | |
| 38464049 | Freeport Doctrine | Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so | 85 | |
| 38464050 | Harper's Ferry | John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged | 86 | |
| 38464051 | Election of 1860 | Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. | 87 | |
| 38464052 | Secession | the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War | 88 | |
| 38464053 | Border States | in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri | 89 | |
| 38464054 | Crittenden Compromise | 1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans | 90 | |
| 38464055 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War | 91 | |
| 38464056 | Gettysburg | The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. | 92 | |
| 38464057 | Emancipation Proclamation | issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free | 93 | |
| 38464058 | Antietam | the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation | 94 | |
| 38464059 | Bull Run | 1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side | 95 | |
| 38464060 | Vicksburg | Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. | 96 | |
| 38464061 | Appomattox | Lee surrenders here, but Grant offers the Confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify the country. | 97 | |
| 38464062 | Copperheads | a faction of Democrats in the North; opposed the civil war | 98 | |
| 38464063 | Pacific Railway Act | 1862, provides federal subsidies in land and loans for the construction of a transcontinental railroad | 99 | |
| 38464064 | Homestead Act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. | 100 | |
| 38464065 | Radical Republicans | These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after. | 101 | |
| 38464066 | 10% Plan | This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction. | 102 | |
| 38464067 | Wade Davis Bill | 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. | 103 | |
| 38464068 | Congressional Reconstruction | The return of 11 ex-Confederates to high offices and the passage of the Black Codes by southern legislatures angered the Republicans in Congress so that they adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks. | 104 | |
| 38464069 | 13th Amendment | abolished slavery | 105 | |
| 38464070 | 14th Amendment | 1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts | 106 | |
| 38464071 | 15th Amendment | citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude | 107 | |
| 38464072 | Johnson's Impeachment | violation of the tenure of office act caused this | 108 | |
| 38464073 | Tenure of Office Act | In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton. | 109 | |
| 38464074 | Sharecropping | system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops | 110 | |
| 38464075 | Freedman's Bureau | provided: food, clothing, jobs, medical care, schools for former slaves and the poor whites | 111 | |
| 38464076 | Black Codes | Legal restrictions on blacks, such as cannot serve on juries, no interracial marriage | 112 | |
| 38464077 | Force Acts | These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems. | 113 | |
| 38464078 | Scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners | 114 | |
| 38464079 | Carpetbaggers | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states; | 115 | |
| 38464080 | Ku Klux Klan | White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties | 116 | |
| 38464081 | Jacksonian Democrats | 1st nationwide pol party, organized by Martin Van Buren. Believed pol parties are inseparable from free govt b/c they check the govt's disposition to abuse power. Generate enthusiasm for pol participation. | 117 | |
| 38464082 | Whigs | conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster | 118 |
