These are the terms that will be used on my history final exam for Mr. Sandlin
The book is The American Pageant: Volume I to 1877 The Fifteenth Edition
Terms : Hide Images
| 1070617976 | Freedmen's Bureau | Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food, clothing and education to the needy and helped them get jobs. | 1 | |
| 1070617977 | Black Codes | Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves, passed by southern states following the Civil War | 2 | |
| 1070617978 | Civil Rights Bill | Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property. | 3 | |
| 1070617979 | 14 Amendment | prohibits states from making or enforcing any law which diminish the privileges and immunities of any citizen of the United States. It further requires due process of law and the equal protection of laws to all people within their respective jurisdictions | 4 | |
| 1070617980 | 15 Amendment | No denial of vote because of race ,color,or previous condition of servitude | 5 | |
| 1070617981 | KKK | Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them | 6 | |
| 1070617982 | Reconstruction Act | Abolished governments formed in the former Confederate states; divided those states into five military districts; set up requirements for readmission to Union | 7 | |
| 1070617983 | Carpetbaggers | A person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction. | 8 | |
| 1070617984 | Battle of Bull Run | First land battle of the Civil War: The Union lost, and realized that it would have to take the the Confederates more seriously. | 9 | |
| 1070617985 | Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln issues it to free slaves in confederacy. (rebelling states), but it did not help the slaves in the non rebelling border states. | 10 | |
| 1070617986 | Gettysburg Address | Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy. That ideal was threatened by the Civil War. | 11 | |
| 1070617987 | Shermans March | (1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", puposely targeting infrastucture and civialian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort. | 12 | |
| 1070617988 | Appomatox Courthouse | The location where the defeated Lee was cornered after the capture of Richmond and forced to surrender to Grant by ending the war with very generous peace concessions. | 13 | |
| 1070617989 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War | 14 | |
| 1070617990 | Border States | Five slave states-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia-that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union. | 15 | |
| 1070617991 | Writ of Habeas Corpus | A court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person. | 16 | |
| 1070617992 | Homestead Act | ..., Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. | 17 | |
| 1070617993 | Uncle Toms Cabin | Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel which brought home the evils of slavery to many in the North was _______________________. | 18 | |
| 1070617994 | Dred Scott v. Stanford | Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States. | 19 | |
| 1070617995 | Lincoln-Douglas Debates | 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate | 20 | |
| 1070617996 | Confederate States of America | (1861-1865) Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South. | 21 | |
| 1070617997 | Popular Sovereignty | For each state, voters would decide issue of slavery | 22 | |
| 1070617998 | California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco. | 23 | |
| 1070617999 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. | 24 | |
| 1070618000 | Compromise 1850 | CA-free state, TX/NM not reserved for slavery, DC slave trade abolished, fugitive slave act, $10 mil for TX, interstate slave trade, slavery in DC | 25 | |
| 1070618001 | Fugitive Slave Law | required all citizens to aid in the capture of runaway slaves | 26 | |
| 1070618002 | Manifest Destiny | A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. | 27 | |
| 1070618003 | Fifty-Four Forty or Fight | Political slogan of the Democrats in the election of 1844, which claimed fifty-four degrees, forty minutes as the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States | 28 | |
| 1070618004 | Wilmot Proviso | proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico | 29 | |
| 1070618005 | Black Belt | Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west. | 30 | |
| 1070618006 | The Liberator | antislavery newspaper published by William Loyde Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. | 31 | |
| 1070618007 | Mason-Dixon Line | Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland that divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies | 32 | |
| 1070618008 | Age of Reason | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 33 | |
| 1070618009 | Mormons | church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT | 34 | |
| 1070618010 | Woman's Rights Convention | A group of women in 1848 that met in Seneca Falls, New York; This meeting launched women's right movement Promoted men and women are created equal. | 35 | |
| 1070618011 | Romanticism | A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization. | 36 | |
| 1070618012 | Tammany Hall | Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services. | 37 | |
| 1070618013 | Molly Maguires | A group of Irish patriots who fought against poor work conditions with violence. | 38 | |
| 1070618014 | Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. | 39 | |
| 1070618015 | Cotton Gin | Agricultural invention by Eli Whitney that led for more cotton to be produced thereby the expansion of slavery. | 40 | |
| 1070618016 | Turnpike | A new type of road, popular during the 1800s. The road was built by private companies and charged each user a toll to travel down the road. | 41 | |
| 1070618017 | Erie Canal | A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. | 42 | |
| 1070618018 | Pony Express | A system of messengers on horseback established in 1860 to carry mail across the United States. | 43 | |
| 1070618019 | Spoils System | A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party | 44 | |
| 1070618020 | Corrupt Bargain | Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson. | 45 | |
| 1070618021 | Indian Removal Act | a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River | 46 | |
| 1070618022 | Trail Of Tears | an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people | 47 | |
| 1070618023 | Alamo | The mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico | 48 | |
| 1070618024 | Panic of 1837 | Economic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and over-speculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation | 49 | |
| 1070618025 | Bank War | Bank of the US was due to expire in 1836; but Jackson's opponent, Henry Clay, wanted to make it an issue in 1832 election. Congress passed the Bank re charter bill and Jackson vetoed it. | 50 | |
| 1070618026 | War of 1812 | Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act | 51 | |
| 1070618027 | Battle of New Orleans | Resounding victory of American forces against the British; restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the war of 1812 | 52 | |
| 1070618028 | Treaty of Ghent | Treaty that ended the war of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war. | 53 | |
| 1070618029 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | 54 | |
| 1070618030 | Missouri Compromise | Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820) | 55 | |
| 1070618031 | Patronage | Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support. | 56 | |
| 1070618032 | Marbury v. Madison | (1803) U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle that the court had the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional (Judicial Review). Case establishes the Judicial branches role in U.S. government. It also strengthens the power of the federal government. | 57 | |
| 1070618033 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. | 58 | |
| 1070618034 | Impressment | British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812. | 59 | |
| 1070618035 | War Hawks | A member of Congress who wanted war with Britain before the War of 1812 | 60 | |
| 1070618036 | Bill Of Rights | a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) | 61 | |
| 1070618037 | Assumption | Transfer of debt from one party to another. | 62 | |
| 1070618038 | Tariff | A tax on imported goods. | 63 | |
| 1070618039 | Excise Tax | Tax on goods produced domestically. | 64 | |
| 1070618040 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, Pennsylvania distillers opposed and fought the 1791 excise tax on whiskey; | 65 | |
| 1070618041 | Farewell Address | 1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations | 66 | |
| 1070618042 | XYZ Affair | A 1797 French attempt to bribe the United States by demanding money before discussing French seizure of neutral American ships | 67 | |
| 1070618043 | Sedition Act | A Federalist bill of 1789 criminalizing criticism of government | 68 | |
| 1070618044 | Articles of Confederation | A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. | 69 | |
| 1070618045 | Northwest Ordinance | Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories..; Forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. | 70 | |
| 1070618046 | Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. | 71 | |
| 1070618047 | New Jersey Plan | "Small state plan" at the Constitutional Convention in which each state was represented equally in the legislature. | 72 | |
| 1070618048 | Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment) | 73 | |
| 1070618049 | Common Law | Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. | 74 | |
| 1070618050 | Civil Law | A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights. | 75 | |
| 1070618051 | Anti Federalist | people who opposed the Constitution, Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states | 76 | |
| 1070618052 | Federalist | Citizens who were in favor of ratifying the Constitution, they wanted a strong national government | 77 | |
| 1070618053 | The Federalist | Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists | 78 | |
| 1070618054 | 2nd Continental Congress | Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution | 79 | |
| 1070618055 | Common Sense | A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 to convince the colonists that it was time to become independent. | 80 | |
| 1070618056 | Declaration Of Independence | A document drafted by Thomas Jefferson that intended to pronounce the legitimacy of the US congress and declare the independence of the United States in respect to Great Britain | 81 | |
| 1070618057 | Loyalist | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. | 82 | |
| 1070618058 | Patriots | American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War | 83 | |
| 1070618059 | Treaty of Paris | peace agreement that officially ended the revolutionary war and established Britian's formal recognition of the US | 84 | |
| 1070618060 | Mercantilism | An economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests. | 85 | |
| 1070618061 | Sugar Act | British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. | 86 | |
| 1070618062 | Boston Massacre | The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans | 87 | |
| 1070618063 | Boston Tea Party | A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. | 88 | |
| 1070618064 | Valley Forge | Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops | 89 | |
| 1070618065 | Battle of Lexington and Concord | ..., The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green. | 90 | |
| 1070618066 | French and Indian War | (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. | 91 | |
| 1070618067 | Zenger Trail | Zenger writes scandals about governor and wins trial by proving that he has the right of free press | 92 | |
| 1070618068 | Indentured Servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | 93 | |
| 1070618069 | Salem Witch Trails | a series of trails that prosecuted people of witchcraft in Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693 and it has come to represent religious extremism and the governments invasion of personal rights. | 94 | |
| 1070618070 | Calvinism | Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state. | 95 | |
| 1070618071 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | 96 | |
| 1070618072 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. | 97 | |
| 1070618073 | Spanish Armada | "Invincible Armada" was a fleet sent by Phillip to England but lost because the ships were too large. Then gets hit by a hurricane called the Protestant Wind/Win since they won. This marks the downfall of Spain. | 98 | |
| 1070618074 | House Of Burgess | the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts. | 99 | |
| 1070618075 | Jamestown | (1607) first permanent English settlement in North America. Majority died from starvation, disease, and Indian attacks. | 100 |
