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| 1703109956 | Martin Luther | German friar. Nailed protests against catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517. They denounced the authority of popes and priests. Declared the bible was the only source of God's word. | 0 | |
| 1703109957 | The protestant Reformation | Time of religious reform that spread across europe dividing people and kindling spiritual fervor. | 1 | |
| 1703109958 | Who did the Protestant Reformation greatly "inspire"? | John Calvin. | 2 | |
| 1703109959 | Calvinism | founder: john Calvin became the dominant theological credo of American settelers; New England puritans, scottish presbyterians, french huguenots, and dutch reformed church god was an all-powerful and all-good and all-knowing (predestination) humans cause of original sin were weak and wicked | 3 | |
| 1703109960 | calvinism doctrine was called the | institutes of the christian religion | 4 | |
| 1703109961 | Predestination | Calvinists thought that god was all-knowing and knew who was going to heaven (the elect) and hell since the moment of creation and good works could not save. | 5 | |
| 1703109962 | The "elects" role | Could not count on their predestination salvation and lead sinful lives. | 6 | |
| 1703109963 | Conversion | The elect sought for this which is a receipt of god's free gift of saving grace. An intense, identifiable personal experience in which god revealed to the elect their destiny and thereafter were expected to lead sanctified lives, demonstrating their holy behavior being "visible saints." | 7 | |
| 1703109964 | "visible saints" | persons who felt the stirrings of grace in their souls and could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans | 8 | |
| 1703109965 | King Henry VIII | broke ties with the roman catholic church making himself head of the church of england (anglican church) during the time of the Reformation 1530s | 9 | |
| 1703109966 | How did Puritans come about? | After King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church he would have been content with keeping Roman rituals/creeds but English religious reformers wanted to purify the English church, these were the Puritans | 10 | |
| 1703109967 | Why were many New England Puritans from the woolen district? | because landlords were enclosing land for sheep grazing forcing many small farmers to leave | 11 | |
| 1703109968 | Calvinism's role during the Reformation | fed on the social unrest and provided spiritual comfort to the economically disadvantaged | 12 | |
| 1703109969 | Puritans grew unhappy with the slow progress of the Reformation because they wanted to see... | the church of england fully de-Catholicized | 13 | |
| 1703109970 | the most devote Puritans believed that... | only visible saints should be admitted to church membership but the church enrolled all, meaning the saints had to share pews with the damned | 14 | |
| 1703109971 | because of the admittance to all in the Church of england.. | tiny group of dedicated puritans called Seperatists formed | 15 | |
| 1703109972 | Seperatists | vowed to break away from the church of England entirely | 16 | |
| 1703109973 | King James I | Head of both church and state of England 1603-1635. Perceived that if his subjects could defy him as their spiritual leader they would someday defy his as a political leader. So he harassed the Separatists off the land . | 17 | |
| 1703109974 | at first Seperatists went to ____ for a safe haven. | Holland (1608) | 18 | |
| 1703109975 | why did seperatists leave holland? | because of the "dutchification" of their children | 19 | |
| 1703109976 | from holland where did Separatists go and why? | America because they wanted to live and die as Englishmen as purified protestants | 20 | |
| 1703109977 | How did the Separatists get to America? | they negotiated with the Virginia Company and took the Mayflower to America | 21 | |
| 1703109978 | Were Separatists the majority on the Mayflower? | No, they were less than half | 22 | |
| 1703109979 | Who was the Captain of the Mayflower? And what did he do? | Captain Myles Standish of "Captain Shrimp" (cause he was stocky.) He later rendered indispensable service as an Indian fighter and negotiator. | 23 | |
| 1703277440 | Where did the pilgrims choose to settle and what was the problem? | Plymouth Rock -- it was outside the domain of the Virginia Company therefore they became squatters | 24 | |
| 1703277441 | Did the pilgrims first land at Plymouth Rock? | No | 25 | |
| 1703277442 | squatters | without legal right to the land and without specific authority to establish a government | 26 | |
| 1703277443 | What was the Mayflower Compact and what was so important about it? | -set an invaluable precedent for later written constitutions. -NOT a constitution. -An agreement to from a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. -A step towards self government. men would soon make laws in open discussion town meetings | 27 | |
| 1705418266 | mayflower compact leads to what and why is it important? | the New England Town Meeting because it is a direct democracy | 28 | |
| 1703277444 | What was the Pilgrim's first winter like? | It was rough. About half died yet no one left when the Mayflower left in the spring | 29 | |
| 1703277445 | The first Thanksgiving | believed god made his children prosperous - pilgrims 2nd autumn 1621 good harvests | 30 | |
| 1703277446 | 3 things that made the Plymouth colony more economically stable were... | fur, fish & lumber | 31 | |
| 1703277447 | What were 2 Plymouth mainstays & why? | Bible- sustenance for the soul Beaver- sustenance for the body | 32 | |
| 1703277448 | what did the Plymouth colony prove? | that the English could maintain themselves in an uninviting region | 33 | |
| 1703277449 | who was the prominent Plymouth leader for 30 elections? | William Bradford | 34 | |
| 1703277450 | What were William Bradford's worries? | that non-puritan settlers might corrupt their godly experiment | 35 | |
| 1703277451 | What eventually happened to the Plymouth colony? | Since it was small in number it joined with its giant neighbor; Massachusetts Bay Colony | 36 | |
| 1703853234 | moderate puritans sought to... | reform the English Church from within | 37 | |
| 1703853235 | Moderate Puritans slowly gained ____ especially in ____. | support in Parliament | 38 | |
| 1703853236 | What change did King Charles I do? | he dismissed Parliament and called for anti-puritan persecutions of the Archbishop William Laud | 39 | |
| 1703853237 | After Charles I's actions what happened? | non-Separatist puritans fearing their faith secures a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company | 40 | |
| 1703853238 | The Massachusetts Bay Company was used as a what, why and where? | a constitution because it was out of the royal authority in the Massachusetts Bay Colony | 41 | |
| 1703853239 | The Massachusetts Bay Colony started off on... | a larger scale than any other New England colony | 42 | |
| 1703853240 | During the _____, _____ sent 70.000 from England to America however... | Great Migration, Turmoil however not all were puritans and only 20,000 went to the Massachusetts Bay Company, most went to the West Indies | 43 | |
| 1704419267 | John Winthrop | -migrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony -colony's 1st governor (served 19 yrs) -believed it was a religious calling to serve | 44 | |
| 1704419268 | Why and what did Massachusetts prosper in? | -the resources and skill from settlers - trading, fishing & shipbuilding became big industries | 45 | |
| 1704419269 | Due to Massachusetts' fish and ship industries... | Massachusetts became the biggest and most influencial of the new England outposts | 46 | |
| 1704419270 | What was Winthrop's influential speech and what did it mean? | -"we shall be as a city upon a hill" - colonists believed that they had a covenant with god to built a holy city that would be a model for humankind - Massachusetts prospered from this motivation | 47 | |
| 1704419271 | franchise voting was extended to ____ after the colonists arrival in Massachusetts. | "free men" adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregation -no women and un-churched men | 48 | |
| 1704419272 | what will the Puritan congregation eventually become? | the Congregation church | 49 | |
| 1704419273 | town governments were more inclusive than franchise in Massachusetts | -they included all male property owners -discussed local issues -voted by majority | 50 | |
| 1704419274 | was Massachusetts Bay a democracy? why/why not | no because governor Winthrop distrusted the "commons" and thought it was the "meanest and worst" form of governmet | 51 | |
| 1704419275 | What was the representative assembly called in Massachusetts? | General Court | 52 | |
| 1704419276 | who were freemen in Massachusetts Bay? | puritans"visible saints" | 53 | |
| 1704419277 | what was the purpose of the government in Massachusetts Bay according to the doctrine of the Covenant? | to enforce god's laws to believers and nonbelievers | 54 | |
| 1704419278 | who paid taxes in Massachusetts Bay? | both believers and nonbelievers | 55 | |
| 1704419279 | how did Massachusetts Bay influence church membership? | publicly interrogating people who claimed to have experienced conversion | 56 | |
| 1704419280 | John Cotton | -came to Massachusetts Bay to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England -used his great knowledge to enforce religious rules -religiously devoted (pious) | 57 | |
| 1704419281 | the puritan congregation in Massachusetts Bay had the right to... | hire or fire a minister and set his salary | 58 | |
| 1704419282 | why were clergy men not allowed to hold political office in Massachusetts Bay? | they did not want to be like England and allow another unholy religious/government union -> in a way endorsed separation of church and state | 59 | |
| 1704419283 | Puritans believed in a calling to do ____ on Earth. | god's work | 60 | |
| 1704419284 | "Protestant ethic" | serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits -however they also enjoyed simple pleasures | 61 | |
| 1705418267 | to make sure pleasures stayed simple in Massachusetts Bay as well as other places... | laws were passed - for example a couple was finned for kissing in public | 62 | |
| 1705418268 | why is Connecticut called the "blue law state" | strict simple pursuits regulation laws were written on blue paper | 63 | |
| 1705418269 | what was hellfire that the Puritans believed in? | a hell where sinners shriveled and shrieked in vain for divine mercy | 64 | |
| 1705418270 | The Bay Colony at first had social harmony but | quakers who flouted the authority of the puritan clergy were persecuted | 65 | |
| 1705418271 | what woma challenged Puritan orthodoxy? | Anne Hutchinson | 66 | |
| 1705418272 | What was Anne Hutchinson theory called? | antinomianism | 67 | |
| 1705418273 | What was Anne Hutchinson's antionomianism? | she claimed that a holy life was no sure sing of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the lay of God of man. | 68 | |
| 1705418274 | What happened to Anne Hutchinson? | -put on trial she boasted that her beliefs were from a direct revelation from God. -high heresy - magistrates had to banish her - she went to Rhode island (the safe haven state) then later New York were she was killed by Indians | 69 | |
| 1705418275 | What man was a extreme separatist in the The Bay Colony? | Roger Williams | 70 | |
| 1705418276 | What did Roger Williams proclaim? | - should make a clean break from the corrupt Church of England -challenged the legality of the Bay Colony's charter condemning the taking away of Indian land without proper compensation -denied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior | 71 | |
| 1705418277 | What happened to Roger Williams? | the authorities ordered him banished to England but he fled to Rhode Island | 72 | |
| 1705418278 | What did Roger Williams do once he got to Rhode Island? | -he built a baptist church -established complete religious freedom even to Jews and Catholics -demanded no oaths regarding religious belief -no compulsory attendance at worship -no taxes to support a state church -sheltered abused quakers (although he disagreed with their views) | 73 | |
| 1705418279 | in Rhode Island at first there was simple manhood suffrage but then... | it was narrowed to just land owning males | 74 | |
| 1705418280 | Rhode island consisted of | malcontents, exiles, people who couldn't stand the stifling religious atmosphere of The Bay Colony | 75 | |
| 1705418281 | the puritan clergy in Boston called Rhode island... | the "sewer state" | 76 | |
| 1705418282 | Rhode Island became ____ &_____ being planted by dissenters and exiles | individualistic and independent | 77 | |
| 1705418283 | Rhode Island began as a squatter state but finally... | established rights to soil when is secures a charter from Parliament in 1644 | 78 | |
| 1705418284 | Was land near Connecticut river fertile? | yes | 79 | |
| 1705418285 | boston puritans led by ____ swarmed into ____ | thomas hooker -- Hartford | 80 | |
| 1705418286 | after 3 years the settlers of the Connecticut river colony created ... | the Fundamental Orders | 81 | |
| 1705418287 | why is the Fundamental orders important in history? | it is the first modern written constitution in the western hemisphere | 82 | |
| 1705418288 | at new haven a new settlement began to arise founded by puritans who wanted | an even closer church government alliance than in Massachusetts but they didn't have a charter so they were squatters. at first king Charles II would not give a charter but after distress a charter was issued to Connecticut that merged New Haven with more democratic settlements in the Connecticut valley | 83 | |
| 1705418289 | Massachusetts bay formally purchased ____ in 1677 from ___ after ____. | maine from sir Fernando Gorges after failure to colonize | 84 | |
| 1705418290 | Massachusetts Bay absorbed _____ through ____ but ____. | New Hampshire through interpretation of the Massachusetts charter but was NH was made a royal colony when the king was annoyed by the greediness | 85 | |
| 1705418291 | the spread of english settlements inevitably led to... | clashed with the Indians weaken by epidemic from the English | 86 | |
| 1705418292 | too weak to resist the _____ at first befriended the settlers | Wampanoag Indians | 87 | |
| 1705418293 | Wampanoag Cheif | Massaoit | 88 | |
| 1705418294 | what was the treaty that Massaoit signed? | it was with the Plymouth pilgrims in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving | 89 | |
| 1705418295 | as more settlers arrived in the Connecticut river valley... | peaceful relations with Indians were disturbed | 90 | |
| 1705418296 | hostilities exploded between the English and the _______ in the Connecticut river valley | Pequot tribe | 91 | |
| 1705418297 | Pequot War | English militiamen and their Narragansett Indian allies set fire to the Indian wigwams and shot the fleeing survivors annihilated the Pequot tribe starting 40 yrs of uneasy peace between puritans and indians | 92 | |
| 1705418298 | what does the Pequot War lead to? | King Philips war | 93 | |
| 1705418299 | puritans tried to convert some Indians to ... | christianity in "praying towns" | 94 | |
| 1705418300 | the indians last resort against the english was ____ | intribal unity created by Metacom aka king philip (massasoits son) | 95 | |
| 1705418301 | King Philip's war | indian alliance attacked English settlements -slowed westward expansion of English -greatly reduced the number and threat of Indains | 96 | |
| 1705418302 | what was the 4 colonial union? | New England Confederation | 97 | |
| 1705418303 | What was the New England Confederation's primary purpose? | Defense against foes (indians, french, dutch) | 98 | |
| 1705418304 | the New England Confederation said that each colony regardless of size ____ which angered ___ because___. | recieved only 2 votes which angered the Massachusetts Bay because they were the most populous. | 99 | |
| 1705418305 | the New England Confederation was primarily made of... | Puritan colonies ; 2 Massachusetts (bay colony & Plymouth) and 3 Connecticut (new haven & scattered settlements) | 100 | |
| 1705418306 | the New England Confederation rejected Rhode Island & Maine because | it had too many undesirable characters | 101 | |
| 1705418307 | although weak, the New England Confederation was an important step to | colonial unity and the gaining of experience of choosing representatives | 102 | |
| 1705418308 | at first England paid little attention to its colonies because ____ but after ____ | of power struggles but after King Charles II took crown he asserted a tight grip on the colonies killing Puritan hopes of purifying the church | 103 | |
| 1705418309 | Defiance in Massachusetts led to punishment from England through... | -giving rival Connecticut a sea-to-sea charter legalizing squatter settlements -outcasts in Rhode Island receives a charter giving kingly sanction to the most religiously tolerant government -the bay colony's charter was revoked | 104 | |
| 1705418310 | by the king of england the ____ was created which included all of new england (even NY and NJ eventually) | Dominion of New England | 105 | |
| 1705418311 | The New England Confederation was for | -defense against indians - to promote the administration of the Navigaiton Laws | 106 | |
| 1705418312 | Navigation Laws | they sought to stitch England's overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling american trade with countries not ruled bu the english crown | 107 | |
| 1705418313 | What happened because of the Navigation Laws? | Americans smuggled | 108 | |
| 1705418314 | Sent from England to impose English authority and promote mercantilism was ... | sir Edmund Andros | 109 | |
| 1705418315 | sir Edmund Andros was disliked for his | -open affiliation with the Church of England -taxation with representation -enforcement of the Navigation Laws -suppressant of smuggling | 110 | |
| 1705418316 | The Glorious Revolution in England was ____ and led to the _____ in america. | the overthrowing of the dislikes Catholic James II with the replacement of Protestant Dutch William III and Mary II and led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England in America. | 111 | |
| 1705418317 | the collapse of the Dominion of New England led to Massachusetts becoming | a royal colony with a new charter and new royal governer and voting to all male property owners rather than just church members | 112 | |
| 1705418318 | After the collapse of the Dominion of New England monarchs relaxed theri grip on colonial trade beginning a period of... | "salutary neglect" | 113 | |
| 1705418319 | although it was during salutary neglect english officals still remained in the colonies and.... | blocked rise of local leaders to positions of polirical power by there presence | 114 | |
| 1705418320 | with help from the English, the dutch (netherlands) gained independence from | spain | 115 | |
| 1705418321 | the Dutch later challenged the British during rhe | Anglo-Dutch naval wars | 116 | |
| 1705418322 | The Dutch East India Company hired _____ to explore parts of America and he landed in the ____ | Henry Hudson landed in delaware bay, New York Bay area and explores the Hudson river hoping for a shortcut through the continent but instead just filed a Dutch claim to the land | 117 | |
| 1705418323 | New York was called | New Netherlands | 118 | |
| 1705418324 | New York City was "bought" from the ____ for | Indians who actually didn't own it for worthless trinkets | 119 | |
| 1705418325 | NYC was called | New Amsterdam | 120 | |
| 1707397180 | Who was new Amsterdam run by/for and in the interest of? | By/for the Dutch company and in the interest of stockholders | 121 | |
| 1707397181 | What were the investors like in new Amsterdam? | No religious freedom, no free speech, no democratic practices, harsh and tyrannical | 122 | |
| 1707397182 | In new Amsterdam what happened to religious dissenters and Quakers? | Religious dissenters were regarded with suspicion and Quakers were abused | 123 | |
| 1707397183 | Because of aggravated colonists in new amsterdam... | A limited lawmaking body was created | 124 | |
| 1707397184 | Patroonships | Feudal estates fronting the Hudson River that were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them | 125 | |
| 1707397185 | Why did new Amsterdam have so many languages spoken? | It was a seaport. A lot of trading and interaction. | 126 | |
| 1707397186 | What was wrong with new Amsterdam? | Directors General were incompetent , company shareholders demanded there dividend at the expense of the colony's welfare, Indians did horrible massacres | 127 | |
| 1707397187 | How did Wall Street form? | In defense from Indian yet acts a wall was erected | 128 | |
| 1707397188 | Why didn't New England colonies protect them selves from Dutch growth? | They tried but Massachusetts didn't agree and they were the majority | 129 | |
| 1707397189 | Swedish role in America. | During their golden age They set up new swede along the Delaware river. But the Dutch got mad and invaded led by peter Stuyvesant (Swedish) in a bloodless raid and absorbed Swedish colonists | 130 | |
| 1707397190 | How did England take over Dutch areas? | English colonies surrounded new Netherlands and English colonists were interlaced. Charles II granted the area this brother, the duke of York, and in a simple takeover due to the weak peter Stuyvesant, new Netherlands became New York under English control. | 131 | |
| 1707467611 | New York after the Dutch left... | An autocratic spirit survived and increased when English governors granted immense acreage to their favorites which discouraged European immigrants from coming | 132 | |
| 1707480420 | How did the Dutch leave their mark? | Placed names on the land Brooklyn, hells gate, Harlem Gambrel roofed architecture Great social customs and folkways such as easter eggs Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut , bowling, sleighing, skating, golf | 133 | |
| 1707528540 | Quakers | Dissenters in England who were offensive to both religious and civil authorities by not paying taxes to the church | 134 | |
| 1707549375 | What were the Quakers also known as | The religious society of friends | 135 | |
| 1709677786 | Qualities of Quakers | Believed they were all children in the sight of god. Did not think of some as "betters" Addresses all people the same way Refused military service Advocates of passive resistance Although they seemed stubborn and unreasonable they were simple devoted democratic people | 136 | |
| 1709731310 | Where did dome Quakers flee to before William penn? | Rhode Island , North Carolina, and New Jersey. | 137 | |
| 1709727103 | William Penn | Attracted to the quaker faith at 16. Persecuted by this feeling he later sought to create a refuge for his fellow Quakers. After securing a charter of fertile land from the king calling it Pennsylvania. | 138 | |
| 1709762778 | What colony was the most advertised? And how? | Pennsylvania. It's founder William Penn distributed truthful pamphlets welcoming all different types of citizens as well as offering a liberal land policy | 139 | |
| 1709770308 | What helped the start of the Pennsylvania colony? | There were many squatters already settled there along the Delaware river | 140 | |
| 1709779771 | What does Philadelphia mean? And why was it notable? | City of brotherly love. It was the most planned city having wide and attractive streets. | 141 | |
| 1709788663 | Penn bought land from the ___ including ____. | Indians including chief Tammany, later patron saint of New York's Tammany hall | 142 | |
| 1709819693 | How was Penn's treatment of the Indians? So what happened? What eventually happened to this treatment? | Very fair. Some southern tribes migrates seeking the Quaker haven. When non Quakers came from Europe they undermined the fair treatment. | 143 | |
| 1709851025 | What was government/ society like in Quaker Pennsylvania? | Representative assembly elected by the landowners. No tax supported church. Freedom of worship except to Catholics and Jews (as forced by England). Death penalty only for treason and murder. No military defense. No restrictions on immigration. Dislikes black slavery. | 144 | |
| 1709859887 | Because of the qualities of Quaker Pennsylvania... | It attracted a mix of ethnic qualities receiving religious misfits from neighbors. | 145 | |
| 1709866926 | Did the Quakers follow "blue laws" if so what were they? | Yes they prohibited ungodly revelers(people who enjoy themselves in a lively fashion.) | 146 | |
| 1709886843 | Pennsylvania quakers were shrewd business people so philidelphia became... | A large exporter of grains and other foods. Later becoming the 3rd most populous colony | 147 | |
| 1710219785 | How did New Jersey become? What happened to west and east jersey? | When two noble proprietors received the area from the duke of York. West jersey was sold to a group of Quakers. East jersey was also acquired by the Quakers, But the 2 colonies were eventually combined I to a royal colony by the crown. | 148 | |
| 1710235946 | Delaware | Harbored some Quakers and was closely associated with Penn's colony. Was granted it's own assembly in 1703. | 149 | |
| 1710240772 | Who were the middle colonies? | New York New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania | 150 | |
| 1710254900 | What was similar about the middle colonies? | Fertile soil All except Delaware were called the bread colonies because of its high export of grain. Rivers were influential | 151 | |
| 1710265861 | Industry in the middle colonies | Forests = lumbering and shipbuilding Rivers and harbors stimulated commerce and the growth of seaports expect ally in NY and Philadelphia | 152 | |
| 1710291367 | Benefits of the middle consoles | Pollution ethnically mixed Religious toleration from the Quakers Land more easily acquired -> economic and social democracy prevailed but less in aristocratic NY | 153 | |
| 1710296202 | Benjamin Franklin | Was born in puritanical Boston but entered Philadelphia at 17 | 154 | |
| 1710312116 | Philadelphia at the time Benjamin Franklin entered. | Population was growing fast Transportation and communication improving. British continued their hands off policy leaving colonists to own their own local governments, run their own churches and develop inter colonial trade networks. | 155 |
