Terms : Hide Images
| 1667090815 | Battle of Long Island (1776) | In August 1776, Howe defeated the Americans here and forced their retreat to Manhattan Island. There, Howe outflanked Washington's troops and nearly trapped them. Outgunned and outmaneuvered the Continental Army retreated. | 0 | |
| 1667090816 | Battle of Saratoga (1777) | Howe's slow campaign against Philadelphia contributed to the defeat of Burgoyne's army here. Burgoyne's troops had at first advanced very quickly, overwhelming the American forces at Fort Ticonderoga in early July and driving south toward the Hudson River. | 1 | |
| 1667090817 | Valley Forge | Fears reached their peak during the Winter of 1777. While Howe's forces lived comfortably in Philadelphia, Washington's army retreated 20 miles to here where 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly. | 2 | |
| 1667090818 | Philipsburg Proclamation | In 1779 this declared that any slave that deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom and land from Great Britain. This led as much as 30,000 African Americans to take refuge behind British line. | 3 | |
| 1667090819 | Battle of Yorktown (1781) | In this battle Washington using clever military strategy surrounded Cornwallis's 9,500 man army and outnumbered their troops 2 to 1 on land. They also had cut off Cornwallis's army from reinforcement or retreat by sea. In a hopeless position Cornwallis surrendered here in October 1781. | 4 | |
| 1667090820 | Currency Tax | Rampant inflation America had meant that every paper dollar held for a week lost value, imposing this hidden tax, on those who accepted paper currency. | 5 | |
| 1667090821 | Treaty of Paris 1783 | In this treaty signed in September 1783, Great Britain formally recognized American Independence and relinguished its claim to lands south of the Great Lakes and East of the Mississippi River. | 6 | |
| 1667090822 | Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 | Created a unicameral(one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto. Other provisions mandated a system of elementary education and protected citizens from imprisonment for debt. It caused an uproar among Patriots for its pure democaracy. | 7 | |
| 1667090823 | Mixed Government | When Adams published Thoughts on Government (1776), he adapted the British Whig Theory which shared the power among the monarch, the House of Lords and the Commons to a republican society. | 8 | |
| 1667090824 | Articles of Confederation | This form of government were approved by the Continental Congress in November 1777. This provided for a loose union in which each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence. | 9 | |
| 1667090825 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created the territories that would eventually become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. It also prohibited slavery and earmarked funds from lands sales for the support of schools. | 10 | |
| 1667090826 | Shay's Rebellion | As a revolt against taxes imposed by a unresponsive government, this resembled American resistance to the British Stamp Act. The rebels linked themselves to the Patriot movement b placing pine twigs in their hats just like the Continental Troops had done. Eventually the rebellion was dispersed and marked as a failure but it did bring about change. | 11 | |
| 1667090827 | Virginia Plan | The plan that was against revising the Articles of Confederation, and supported the formation of a powerful national government devised by James Madison. | 12 | |
| 1667090828 | New Jersey Plan | Small states were behind this plan which gave the confederation the power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states. But, it preserved the states ability to control their own laws and guaranteed their equality. | 13 | |
| 1667090829 | Federalists | A group of nationalists that supported a federal union; a loose, decentralized system and obscuring their commitment to a strong national government | 14 | |
| 1667090830 | Anti-Federalists | The opponents of the Constitution, had diverse backgrounds and motives. Some like governor George Clinton of New York feared that state governments would lose power. | 15 | |
| 1667090831 | Federalist No. 10 | In this letter Madison challenged the view that republican governments only worked on a small political scale and argued that a larger state would better protect republican liberty. | 16 | |
| 1667090832 | General George Washington | Commander of the new Continental Army, he commanded a fighting force of 18,000 poorly trained and inexperienced troops. His military strategy is credited with the victory of battles during the revolutionary war. | 17 | |
| 1667090833 | General William Howe | A commander of British forced he was commanded by Lord North to capture New York City at the beginning of the war. This was to be used as a demonstration of British power. | 18 | |
| 1667090834 | General Horatio Gates | A general for the American forces, he was able to slow the progress of Burgoyne's troops by falling trees in their path and raiding British supply lines to Canada. He later blocked Burgoyne's army in a series of skirmishes with the help of American militiamen. | 19 | |
| 1667090835 | Robert Morris | A Philadelphia merchant who worked as the government's chief treasury official. Despite his efforts the finances of the Continental Congress collapsed and he had to rely on funds requisitioned from the states, but the states paid it late or not at all. | 20 | |
| 1667090836 | Baron von Steuben | In their darkest hour he was abel to raise the readiness of the continental army. He instituted a strict drill system and encouraged officers to become more professional. Thanks to him, the smaller force that emerged from Valley Forge was much tougher and more disiplined. | 21 | |
| 1667090837 | Judith Sargent Murray | In her work On the Equality of Sexes (1779) she argued that men and women had the same mental capacity and that women had superior imaginations. She conceded that most women were inferior to men in judgement and reasoning only from a lack of training. She was also an advocate for women's education. | 22 | |
| 1667090838 | James Madison | Part of the younger generation of politicians and patriots that arose. He insisted on increasing national authority. He created the Virginia plan to create a powerful national government. He was determined to fashion political institutions run by men of higher character. He was also the chief architect of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. | 23 |
