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| 550708025 | antebellum period | the period before the civil war; a diverse mix of reformers dedicated themselves to such causes as establishing free public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling or abolishing the sale of liquors and beers, winning equal legal and political rights for women, and abolishing slavery | |
| 550708026 | second great awakening | partly a reaction against the rationalism that had been the fashion during the enlightenment and the american revolution; began among educated people; successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated; they offered the opportunity for salvation to all | |
| 550708027 | timothy dwight | president of yale college in connecticut; his campus revivals motivated a generation of young men to become evangelical preachers | |
| 550708028 | revivalism; revival (camp) meetings | appealed to people's emotions and fear of damnation and persuaded thousands to publicly their revived faith; preachers would travel from one location to another and attract thousands | |
| 550708029 | millennialism | the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of christ; continued as a new religion: the seventh-day adventists | |
| 550708030 | church of latter-day saints; mormons | traced a connection between the native americans and the lost tribes of isreal | |
| 550708031 | joseph smith | found the church of latter-day saints; based his religious thinking on a book of scripture: the book of Mormon | |
| 550708032 | brigham young | with his leadership, the mormons migrated to the far western frontier, where they established the new zion on the banks of the great salt lake in utah | |
| 550708033 | new zion | the mormon religious community | |
| 550708034 | romantic movement | stressed intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature in art and literature | |
| 550708035 | transcendantalists | questioned the doctrines of estabished churches and the capitalistic habits of the merchant class; argued for a mystical and intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one's inner self and looking for the essence of god in nature; challenged the materialism of american society by suggesting that artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth | |
| 550708036 | ralph waldo emerson; "the american scholar" | best-known transcendantalist; evoked the nationalistic spirit of americans by urging them not to imitate european culture but to create an entirely new and original american culture | |
| 550708037 | henry david thoreau; "walden" and "on civil disobedience" | transcendentalist philospher; used observations of nature to discover essential truths about life and the universe; established himself as an early advocate of nonviolent protest and his essay presented his argument for not obeying unjust laws | |
| 550708038 | george ripley; brook farm | launched a communal experiment; the goal was to achieve a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor | |
| 550708039 | feminist | an advocate of women's rights | |
| 550708040 | margaret fuller | a feminist writer and editor | |
| 550708041 | theodore parker | theologian and radical reformer | |
| 550708042 | utopian communities | the idea of withdrawing from conventional society to create an ideal community led to many of these | |
| 550708043 | shakers | one of the earliest religious communal movements; held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate (forbidding marriage and sexual relations) | |
| 550708044 | robert owen; new harmony | hoped his utopian socialist community would provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the industrial revolution; but it failed due to financial problems and disagreements among members of the community | |
| 550708045 | john humphrey noyes; oneida community | dedicated to an ideal of perfect social and economic equality, members of his community shared property (and marriage partners) | |
| 550708046 | charles fourier; phalanxes | advocated that people share work and living arrangements in communities to solve the problems of a fiercely competitive society | |
| 550708047 | george caleb bingham | depicted the common people in various settings (genre painting) | |
| 550708048 | william s. mount | won fame and popularity for his lively rural compositions | |
| 550708049 | thomas cole and frederick church | emphasized the heroic beauty of american landscapes, espcially in uplifting dramatic scenes along the hudson river and the western frontier wilderness | |
| 550708050 | hudson river school | expressed the romantic age's fascination with the natural world | |
| 550708051 | washington irving | wrote about american themes; helped to creat a literature that was distinctively american | |
| 550708052 | james finimore cooper | wrote fiction using american settings; his novels glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman | |
| 550708053 | nathaniel hawthorne | questioned the intolerance and conformity in american life through his novels | |
| 550708054 | temperance | reformers targeted alcoholas the cause of social ills and this became the most popular of the reform movements | |
| 550708055 | american temperance society | found by protestant ministers and others because of their concern with the high rate of alcohol consumption and the effects of such excessive drinking; using moral arguments, the society tried to persuade drinkersnot just to moderate their drinking but to take a pledge of total abstinence | |
| 550708056 | washingtonians | begun by recovering alcoholics who argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment | |
| 550708057 | women's christian temperance union | helped the temperance movement gain strength again in the lat 1870s and achieve nation success with the passage of the eighteenth amendment in 1919 | |
| 550708058 | asylum movement | reformers proposed setting up new public institutions (state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses) in hopes that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior | |
| 550708059 | dorothea dix | dedicated her adult life to improving conditions for emotionally distrubed persons; as a result mental patients began receiving professional treatment at state expense | |
| 550708060 | thomas gallaudet | founded a school for the deaf | |
| 550708061 | samuel gridley howe | founded a school for the blind | |
| 550708062 | penitentiaries | experimented with the technique of placing prisoners in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on their sins and repent | |
| 550708063 | auburn system | enforced rigid rules of discipline while also providing moral instruction and work programs | |
| 550708064 | horace mann | the leading advocate of the common (public) school movement; worked for improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation | |
| 550708065 | mcguffey readers | extolled the virtues of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety (the kind of behaviors needed in an emerging industrial society) | |
| 550708066 | women's rights movement | women reformers, especially those involved in the antislavery movement, resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the movement and prevented them from taking part fully in policy discussions | |
| 550708067 | sarah and angelina grimke | objected to male oppoistion to their antislavery activities; wrote her "letter on the condition of women and the equality of the sexes" | |
| 550948003 | letter on the condition of women and the equality of the sexes | written by sarah grimke | |
| 550948004 | lucretia mott and elizabeth cady stanton | began campaigning for women's rights after they had been barred from speaking at the antislavery convention | |
| 550948005 | seneca falls convention (1848) | the first women's rights convention in american history; the "declaration of sentiments" declared that all men and women are created equal and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them | |
| 550948006 | susan b. anthony and elizabeth cady stanton | led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women at the seneca falls convention | |
| 550948007 | american colonization society | was founded with the idea of transporting freed slavds to an african colony; appealed to antislavery reformers with moderate view and especially to politicans | |
| 550948008 | abolitionism | opponents of slavery; ranged from moderates to radicals | |
| 550948009 | william lloyd garrison; the liberator | marks the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement; advoated immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensating the slaveowners | |
| 550948010 | american antislavery society | founded by garrison and other abolitionists | |
| 550948011 | liberty party | formed from the beliefs that political action was a more practical route to reform than garrison's moral crusade; their one pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means | |
| 550948012 | frederick douglas; the north star | an escaped slave and free black; he could speak about the brutality and degradation of slavery from firsthand experience; advocated both political and direct action to end slavery and racial prejudice | |
| 550948013 | harriet tubman, david ruggles, sojourner truth, william still | helped organize the effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory in the north or to canada, where slavery was prohibited | |
| 550948014 | david walker and henry highland garnet | two northern blacks who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question; argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up the revolt against their "masters" | |
| 550948015 | nat turner | led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. in retaliation, whites killed hundreds of blacks in brutal fashion and managed to put down the revolt. after the revolt, fear of future uprisings as well as garrison's inflamed rhetoric put and end to antislavery talk in the south | |
| 550948016 | american peace society | founded in 1828 with the objective of abolishing war; influenced some new england reformers to oppose the later mexican war | |
| 550948017 | sylvester graham | type of crackers that were eaten to promote good digestion (dietary reforms) | |
| 550948018 | amelia bloomer | typer of pantalletes that were worn by women instead of long skirts (dress reform for women) |
