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| 8577152453 | manifest destiny | The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230) |  | 0 |
| 8577152454 | Texas | The Republic of Texas was an independent nation, it's annexation was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, was approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233) |  | 1 |
| 8577152455 | Stephen Austin | Known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from Missouri. (p. 231) |  | 2 |
| 8577152456 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | A Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century. He was elected president, but didn't serve; instead he overthrew the government and established himself as a dictator. He commanded the Mexican army that stormed The Alamo during the Texas Revolution of 1835 and 1836 and killed all 187 defenders, but he was shortly afterward defeated and captured by Sam Houston's Texans. |  | 3 |
| 8577152457 | Sam Houston | United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States; First president of the Republic of Texas |  | 4 |
| 8577152458 | Alamo | mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders; the event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and eventually led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto and independence from Mexico. |  | 5 |
| 8577152459 | John Tyler | He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231) |  | 6 |
| 8577152460 | Aroostook War | An undeclared confrontation in 1838-39 between the United States and Great Britain (lumbermen) over the international boundary between British North America (Canada) and Maine. The dispute resulted in a mutually accepted border between the state of Maine and the provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec. | 7 | |
| 8577152461 | Webster-Ashburton Treaty | In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232) |  | 8 |
| 8577152462 | Oregon territory | For twenty years, the British and the United States agreed to jointly occupy this region. But in the mid-1840s this region became a political issue in the United States, with many expansionists willing to risk war to get all of the territory, including present-day British Columbia (54 40 or fight!). In 1846, Britain and the United States agreed to extend the 49th Parallel, forming the modern border between Canada and the United States. The settlers quickly applied for territorial status, which Congress granted in 1849. The territory was gradually split up, and in 1859, it—with its present borders—became the 33rd state. (p. 232) |  | 9 |
| 8577152463 | Fifty-four Forty or Fight | The slogan of the supporters of James K. Polk's plan for Oregon. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° and were willing to fight Britain about it. Eventually 49 degrees was adopted as the border and there was no violence. (p. 232) |  | 10 |
| 8577152464 | James K. Polk | The eleventh U.S. president (1845-1849). Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a protege of Andrew Jackson. (p. 232) |  | 11 |
| 8577152465 | Mexican War (1846-1847) | an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 because U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. Whig Party and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. The War forced Mexican give Alta California and New Mexico in exchange for $18 million. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of Texas. |  | 12 |
| 8577152466 | Zachary Taylor | Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. He took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, his force engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero. |  | 13 |
| 8577152467 | Stephen Kearney | He was another leader in command during the Mexican War (although had an army smaller than Taylor's). He led a small army that captured Santa Fe successfully. He then went to California to help in the invasion there. |  | 14 |
| 8577152468 | John C. Fremont | Overthrew Mexican rule in northern California (June 1846) and proclaimed California to be an independent republic. |  | 15 |
| 8577152469 | California; Bear Flag Republic | In June 1846 John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234) |  | 16 |
| 8577152470 | Winfield Scott | A general selected to invade central Mexico. The army of 14,000 under his command succeeded in taking the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234) |  | 17 |
| 8577152471 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848. Under its terms Mexico gave up all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande and ceded California and the Utah and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States paid Mexico fifteen million dollars and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234) | 18 | |
| 8577152472 | Mexican Cession | Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. It leads to slavery debate and breakup of Union. (p 234) | 19 | |
| 8577152473 | Wilmot Proviso | In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234) | 20 | |
| 8577152474 | Ostend Manifesto | The United States offer to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Pierce to drop the scheme. (p. 236) | 21 | |
| 8577152475 | Franklin Pierce | He was the fourteenth president. (p. 236) |  | 22 |
| 8577152476 | Walker Expedition | An expedition by a southern adventurer who tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when he was killed by Honduran authorities. (p. 236) | 23 | |
| 8577152477 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. (p. 236) | 24 | |
| 8577152478 | Gadsden Purchase | In 1853 the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236) | 25 | |
| 8577152479 | Great American Desert | In the 1850s and 1860s these lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, this vast arid territory included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. (p. 236) | 26 | |
| 8577152480 | mountain men | The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains, included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237) |  | 27 |
| 8577152481 | overland trails | The long and arduous trek usually began in St. Joseph or Independence Missouri or in Iowa and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains, months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. Disease was a much greater threat than Indian attack. | 28 | |
| 8577152482 | mining frontier | The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237) | 29 | |
| 8577152483 | gold rush; silver rush | The gold rush to California (1848-1850) was followed by gold or silver rushes in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237) |  | 30 |
| 8577152484 | farming frontier | In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237) | 31 | |
| 8577152485 | urban frontier | Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238) | 32 | |
| 8577152486 | Elias Howe | The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from the home to factories. (p. 238) |  | 33 |
| 8577152487 | Samuel F. B. Morse | In 1844 he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238) |  | 34 |
| 8577152488 | federal land grants | In 1850 the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238) | 35 | |
| 8577152489 | industrial technology | After 1840 industrialization spread to Northeast, new factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products. (p. 238) | 36 | |
| 8577152490 | railroads | This became America's largest industry, it required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238) | 37 | |
| 8577152491 | foreign commerce; exports and imports | The growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products caused a significant growth of exports and imports. Other factors also players a role in the expansion of US trade during this time. (p. 238, 239) | 38 | |
| 8577152492 | Matthew C. Perry; Japan | Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent by federal government to persuade Japan to open up a port for trade. (p. 239) |  | 39 |
| 8577152493 | Panic of 1857 | Financial crash sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and cause unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239) | 40 |
