AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900
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| 8564647332 | railroad | The nation's first big business, created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320) |  | 0 |
| 8564647333 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | Called "Commodore", he used his millions earned from a steamboat business to merge local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago, operating 4,500 miles of track. (p. 320) |  | 1 |
| 8564647334 | transcontinental railroads | During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first railroad that crossed the entire country. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321) |  | 2 |
| 8564647335 | time zones | The United States was divided into four sections according to time in 1883 by the American Railroad Association in order to create standard and accurate arrival and departure times (p. 320) |  | 3 |
| 8564647336 | Panic of 1893 | Forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p. 321) |  | 4 |
| 8564647337 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323) |  | 5 |
| 8564647338 | vertical integration | A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323) |  | 6 |
| 8564647339 | U.S. Steel | In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323) |  | 7 |
| 8564647340 | John D. Rockefeller | He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323) |  | 8 |
| 8564647341 | horizontal integration | Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323) |  | 9 |
| 8564647342 | J. P. Morgan | A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323) |  | 10 |
| 8564647343 | Second Industrial Revolution | The name of a revolution that featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319) |  | 11 |
| 8564647344 | Bessemer process | In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered the process of producing high quality steel by blasting air through molten iron. (p. 323) |  | 12 |
| 8564647346 | Alexander Graham Bell | In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325) |  | 13 |
| 8564647347 | Thomas Edison | He established the first modern research laboratory: Menlo Park Research Lab in 1876, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions: including the phonograph, light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326) |  | 14 |
| 8564647349 | large department stores | R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326) |  | 15 |
| 8564647350 | mail-order companies | Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326) |  | 16 |
| 8564647352 | refrigeration and canning | These two developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326) |  | 17 |
| 8564647353 | consumer economy | A new economy that was characterized by increased advertising and new marketing techniques. (p. 326) |  | 18 |
| 8564647354 | Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 | In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324) |  | 19 |
| 8564647357 | anti-union tactics | Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329) |  | 20 |
| 8564647358 | Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329) |  | 21 |
| 8564647359 | Knights of Labor | Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330) |  | 22 |
| 8564647360 | Haymarket Bombing | On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330) |  | 23 |
| 8564647361 | American Federation of Labor | The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330) |  | 24 |
| 8564647362 | Pullman Strike | In 1894, workers at the Pullman Company, that made train cars, went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331) |  | 25 |
| 8564647363 | Eugene Debs | The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331) |  | 26 |
| 8564647364 | railroad workers | In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321) |  | 27 |
| 8564647366 | women factory workers | By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman worked for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327) |  | 28 |
| 8564647369 | laissez-faire capitalism | A partial French phrase that means "let go". In the late 19th century, American industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies (corporate welfare). (p. 324) |  | 29 |
| 8564647370 | concentration of wealth | By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326) |  | 30 |
| 8564647371 | Social Darwinism | The belief that Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace. The concentration of wealth with the "fit" benefited everyone; that government's help for poor people only preserved the "unfit". It also encouraged racism. (p. 324) |  | 31 |
| 8564647372 | gospel of wealth | Philosophy that combines the Protestant Work Ethic (hard work and material success are signs of God's favor) with the idea of then using obtained riches to benefit society (p. 325). Andrew Carnegie gave away $350 million. |  | 32 |
| 8564647374 | inventions of Second Industrial Revolution | typewriter, telephone, cash register, calculating machine, adding machine, transatlantic cable, Kodak camera, fountain pen, Gillette safety razor and blade, phonograph, incandescent light bulb, motion picture camera, railroad air brakes, electric light and power |  | 33 |
